Systemic effects of transdermal testosterone for the treatment of microphallus in children

Arisaka, Osamu; Hoshi, Megumi; Kanazawa, Sanae; Nakajima, Daisuke; Numata, Michio; Nishikura, Kiyoshi; Oyama, Mariko; Nitta, Akihisa; Kuribayashi, Takeo; Kano, Kenichi; Nakayama, Yuko; Yamashiro, Yuichiro

doi:10.1046/j.1442-200x.2001.01353.x

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In animal models and clinical studies, androgen and estrogen treatments maintained normal insulin sensitivity at physiological concentrations but caused insulin resistance when administered in high doses [48]. Similarly, increased levels of circulating IGF-I were observed after androgen treatment in prepubertal boys [49] and estrogens have also shown to influence the GH/IGF-I axis [50], depending on the administration route. Increases in either hormone can thus lead to a vicious circle of elevated hormone levels [48].…”

Section: Insulin and Igf-i: Correlations With Sex-steroid Hormone Conmentioning

confidence: 98%

C-peptide, IGF-I, sex-steroid hormones and adiposity: a cross-sectional study in healthy women within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

Bezemer

Rinaldi

Dossus

et al. 2005

Cancer Causes Control

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Objectives: The risk of some cancers is positively associated with body weight, which may influence circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, insulin and IGF-I. Interrelationships between these hormones and the associations with adiposity were evaluated in healthy women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on anthropometric and hormonal data from 743 pre-and 1217 postmenopausal women. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were used as indicators of adiposity. C-peptide, Insulin Growth Factor (IGF)-I, Insulin Growth Factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3, androgens, estrogens and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured by immunoassays; free sex steroid concentrations were calculated. Results: BMI and waist circumference were positively correlated with estrogens in postmenopausal women and with C-peptide, free testosterone and inversely with SHBG in all women. C-peptide and IGF-I were inversely correlated with SHBG, and positively with free sex steroids in postmenopausal women. IGF-I was positively associated with postmenopausal estrogens and androgen concentrations in all women. Conclusions: Sex-steroid concentrations appear to be regulated along several axes. Adiposity correlated directly with estrogens in postmenopausal women and with insulin, resulting in lower SHBG and increased levels of free sex steroids. Independent of adiposity and insulin, IGF-I was associated with decreased SHBG levels, and increased concentrations of androgens and postmenopausal estrogens.

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Section: Insulin and Igf-i: Correlations With Sex-steroid Hormone Conmentioning

confidence: 98%

C-peptide, IGF-I, sex-steroid hormones and adiposity: a cross-sectional study in healthy women within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

Bezemer

Rinaldi

Dossus

et al. 2005

Cancer Causes Control

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“…Additionally, both oral and trans-dermal exogenous androgens (42,43) or androgenic progestins (44,45) cause elevations in circulating IGF-I. The effect of exogenous estrogens depends on the route of administration.…”

Section: Effect Of Bmi On Hormone Levelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index, circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3: a cross-sectional study in healthy women

Lukanova

Lundin

Zeleniuch‐Jacquotte

et al. 2004

European Journal of Endocrinology

286

211

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Objective: Excess weight has been associated with increased risk of cancer at several organ sites. In part, this effect may be modulated through alterations in the metabolism of sex steroids and IGF-I related peptides. The objectives of the study were to examine the association of body mass index (BMI) with circulating androgens (testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)), estrogens (estrone and estradiol), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), IGF-I and IGFbinding protein (IGFBP)-3, and the relationship between sex steroids, IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Design and methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using hormonal and questionnaire data of 620 healthy women (177 pre-and 443 post-menopausal). The laboratory measurements of the hormones of interest were available from two previous case-control studies on endogenous hormones and cancer risk. Results: In the pre-menopausal group, BMI was not related to androgens and IGF-I. In the post-menopausal group, estrogens, testosterone and androstenedione increased with increasing BMI. The association with IGF-I was non-linear, with the highest mean concentrations observed in women with BMI between 24 and 25. In both pre-and post-menopausal subjects, IGFBP-3 did not vary across BMI categories and SHBG decreased with increasing BMI. As for the correlations between peptide and steroid hormones, in the post-menopausal group, IGF-I was positively related to androgens, inversely correlated with SHBG, and not correlated with estrogens. In the pre-menopausal group, similar but weaker correlations between IGF-I and androgens were observed. Conclusions: These observations offer evidence that obesity may influence the levels of endogenous sex-steroid and IGF-related hormones in the circulation, especially after menopause. Circulating IGF-I, androgens and SHBG appear to be related to each other in post-menopausal women.

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“…It has been documented that the development, growth, and maintenance of penile-tissue function is an androgen-dependent process [10]. Clinical and preclinical studies have suggested that abnormalities in the AR, deficiency in 5α-reductase activity, or reduced plasma androgen levels due to the impairment of synthesis of testicular or adrenal androgens, leads to the development of a microphallus [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]. Grino et al [64] postulated that children with impaired AR function develop micropenises.…”

Section: Role Of Androgens In the Development And Growth Of The Penismentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Androgens Critical for Penile Erections in Humans? Examining the Clinical and Preclinical Evidence

Traish

Guay

2006

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

170

121

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Androgens are deemed critical for penile-tissue development, growth, and maintenance of erectile function, however, their role in erection, especially in humans, remains controversial. In this review, we summarize information from clinical and animal model studies to provide a comprehensive and rational argument for the role of androgens, or lack thereof, on penile erection ability in humans. The goal of this review is to present the clinical and preclinical evidence available in the literature with regard to testosterone and erectile physiology and engage the reader in this discussion. Ultimately, each reader will have to form his or her own conclusions based on the existing evidence. In humans, androgen-deficiency manifestations are noted in clinical situations such as: (i) inadequate development of the penis; and (ii) loss of erectile function in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia patients managed with medical or surgical castration or antiandrogen therapy. Androgen treatment causes: (i) improvement in sexual function in hypogonadal patients treated with androgen supplementation; (ii) improvement in nocturnal penile tumescence in hypogonadal patients treated with androgens; (iii) improvement in erectile function with androgen supplementation in patients who did not respond to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy initially; and (iv) improvement in the well-being, mood, energy, and sexual function in aging men who have testosterone deficiency treated with androgen therapy. In contrast to animals, especially rodents in which the adrenal cortex does not synthesize androgens, the human adrenal is a source of peripherally circulating androgen precursors, thus, complete androgen insufficiency may not be observed in men at a younger age. Furthermore, in light of the concept that a threshold of androgen levels exists in animals and humans below which sexual function is diminished, further contributes to the complexity of understanding androgens role in erections, especially in humans. Nevertheless, based on the preclinical and clinical data available in the literature, to date, we infer that androgens play a critical role in maintaining erectile physiology in humans.

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Systemic effects of transdermal testosterone for the treatment of microphallus in children

Abstract: When using testosterone ointment as a treatment for microphallus, it should be borne in mind that this application has systemic effects.

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

C-peptide, IGF-I, sex-steroid hormones and adiposity: a cross-sectional study in healthy women within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

C-peptide, IGF-I, sex-steroid hormones and adiposity: a cross-sectional study in healthy women within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

Body mass index, circulating levels of sex-steroid hormones, IGF-I and IGF-binding protein-3: a cross-sectional study in healthy women

Are Androgens Critical for Penile Erections in Humans? Examining the Clinical and Preclinical Evidence

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