Systemic Review on the Pathogenicity of Plasmodium berghei in the Liver and Spleen of the Experimental Mice

Abstract

Malaria is still one of the most prevalent tropical and parasitic diseases throughout the world representing a global health concern. Even with all efforts to restrict disease transmission and national malaria control programs, malaria infection continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality in resource-poor countries. Malaria infection occurs in two stages, the Exoerythrocytic and Erythrocytic stage. The exact biology of malaria parasite in human hosts is likely relatively similar, with the main differences being attributable to the human immune response, the number of previous infections and the exposure profile. The disease severity can be determined by the balance between the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Although, research about the clinical characterization and histology of malaria has shown some information regarding the pathogenesis, the actual mechanisms by which malaria parasites produce severe disease, the immunity defends against infection is remained unknown. Studies in animal models can reveal details about the processes of severe malaria infection and human defense mechanisms. Because of its similarities to the Plasmodium species that cause human malaria, Plasmodium berghei is used as a model organism for the experimental research. In addition, of affecting the central nervous system, Plasmodium berghei infection in the Swiss Webster mouse causes systemic damage, and affects numerous organs including the liver and lymphoid organs. The infected spleen demonstrations includethe splenomegaly, re-modelling and other basic changes consist of the red pulp’s expansion, marginal zone’s slight damage, enlarged vasculature and the barrier cells activities. Moreover, the liver shows hyperplastic Kupffer cells, fatty change, portal tract inflammation, cholestasis, liver cell necrosis, sequestration of Parasitized Red Blood Cells (PRBCs) and deposition of hemozoin pigments.

Effect of black seeds ( Nigella sativa ) on inflammatory and immunomodulatory markers in Plasmodium berghei ‐infected mice

“…A significant reduction in the total number of RBCs in the P. berghei –infected mice observed in this study. This investigation is in agreement with former finding revealing the elimination of the red blood cells by the spleen as a result of P. berghei infection (Albohiri & Alzanbagi, 2021). Hemoglobin is the iron‐containing oxygen‐transport metalloprotein present in RBCs of animals and its role is to transport oxygen to tissues for the oxidation of ingested food in order to liberate energy for normal functioning of the biological system.…”

“…A signi cant reduction in the total number of red blood cells (RBCs) in the P. berghei -infected mice observed in this study revealed detrimental signs of severe anaemia which is a core clinical indication of complicated malaria in patients (Keating et al, 2021). This investigation is in agreement with former nding revealing the elimination of the red blood cells by the spleen as a result of P. berghei infection (Albohiri and Alzanbagi, 2021). Malaria parasite infection causes the destruction of red blood cells (erythrocytes), known as haemolysis as well as the defective development of erythrocytes, known as dyserythropoesis (Thakur et al, 2020), which prevents quick recuperation from anemia.…”

“…berghei infection (Albohiri & Alzanbagi, 2021). Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein present in RBCs of animals and its role is to transport oxygen tissues for the oxidation of ingested food in order to liberate energy for normal functioning of the biological system.…”