Systemic treatment with the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid aggravates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by affecting proinflammatory immune responses

Immunological GABAergic interactions and therapeutic applications in autoimmune diseases

“…In accord with previous findings [2], Carmans et al [58] found that vigabatrin considerably ameliorates EAE. In contrast, they reported that daily GABA treatment was not beneficial, and actually aggravated the disease.…”

In vitro anti‐inflammatory properties of fermented pepino (Solanum muricatum) milk by γ‐aminobutyric acid‐producing Lactobacillus brevis and an in vivo animal model for evaluating its effects on hypertension

“…GABA affects a variety of functional properties of immune cells, such as monocyte migration, macrophage cholesterol efflux, regulatory T cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine secretion . In vitro , GABA reduced LPS‐induced production of TNF‐α by mouse peritoneal macrophages, while interleukin (IL)‐6 secretion was increased at low GABA concentrations . Some studies reported that GABA decreased the production of several classic proinflammatory cytokines, which are expressed by atherosclerotic lesions and which regulate immune responses to atherosclerosis .…”

“…25 In vitro, GABA reduced LPS-induced production of TNF-by mouse peritoneal macrophages, while interleukin (IL)-6 secretion was increased at low GABA concentrations. 26 Some studies reported that GABA decreased the production of several classic proinflammatory cytokines, which are expressed by atherosclerotic lesions and which regulate immune responses to atherosclerosis. 25,27 Our results showed that GABA-rich fermented PE inhibited LPS-induced expression of TNF-mRNA, which strikingly decreased.…”

GABA and Topiramate Inhibit the Formation of Human Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells by Modulating Cholesterol-Metabolism-Associated Molecules

“…GABA-A receptor agonist decreased TNF-α production in a mouse model for allergic contact dermatitis [15] and diminished TNF-α and IL-6 levels of purified antigen-presenting cells in C57Bl/6J mice of multiple sclerosis [9]. It was also reported that GABA increased mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in C57Bl/6J mice with multiple sclerosis and IL-6 production by macrophages in vitro [30]. These controversial results suggest that for GABAergic agents, there may be differences in underlying immune mechanisms in different autoimmune disease models.…”