Abstract:T cells are critical for tumorigenesis and therefore important targets for the treatment of lung cancer. T-cell-associated cellular immunotherapy opens up a window of opportunity for the development of complementary methods to traditional lung cancer treatments, which warrants further investigation to improve the clinical outcomes of lung cancer patients.
“…Specifically, the anti-tumor and pro-tumor roles of T cells in cancer development are currently of great interest. Therapeutic strategies targeting this adaptive immune cell type have been a major focus of recent immunotherapy development and applications, including for lung cancer treatment [44, 45]. Fig.…”
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Lung cancer risk factors, including smoking and exposure to environmental carcinogens, have been linked to chronic inflammation. An integral feature of inflammation is the activation, expansion and infiltration of diverse immune cell types, including CD4+ T cells. Within this T cell subset are immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells and pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) cells that act in a fine balance to regulate appropriate adaptive immune responses.In the context of lung cancer, evidence suggests that Tregs promote metastasis and metastatic tumor foci development. Additionally, Th17 cells have been shown to be an integral component of the inflammatory milieu in the tumor microenvironment, and potentially involved in promoting distinct lung tumor phenotypes. Studies have shown that the composition of Tregs and Th17 cells are altered in the tumor microenvironment, and that these two CD4+ T cell subsets play active roles in promoting lung cancer progression and metastasis.We review current knowledge on the influence of Treg and Th17 cells on lung cancer tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis and prognosis. Furthermore, we discuss the potential biological and clinical implications of the balance among Treg/Th17 cells in the context of the lung tumor microenvironment and highlight the potential prognostic function and relationship to metastasis in lung cancer.
“…Specifically, the anti-tumor and pro-tumor roles of T cells in cancer development are currently of great interest. Therapeutic strategies targeting this adaptive immune cell type have been a major focus of recent immunotherapy development and applications, including for lung cancer treatment [44, 45]. Fig.…”
Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Lung cancer risk factors, including smoking and exposure to environmental carcinogens, have been linked to chronic inflammation. An integral feature of inflammation is the activation, expansion and infiltration of diverse immune cell types, including CD4+ T cells. Within this T cell subset are immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells and pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) cells that act in a fine balance to regulate appropriate adaptive immune responses.In the context of lung cancer, evidence suggests that Tregs promote metastasis and metastatic tumor foci development. Additionally, Th17 cells have been shown to be an integral component of the inflammatory milieu in the tumor microenvironment, and potentially involved in promoting distinct lung tumor phenotypes. Studies have shown that the composition of Tregs and Th17 cells are altered in the tumor microenvironment, and that these two CD4+ T cell subsets play active roles in promoting lung cancer progression and metastasis.We review current knowledge on the influence of Treg and Th17 cells on lung cancer tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis and prognosis. Furthermore, we discuss the potential biological and clinical implications of the balance among Treg/Th17 cells in the context of the lung tumor microenvironment and highlight the potential prognostic function and relationship to metastasis in lung cancer.
“…Although it is not a curative therapy for lung cancer, AI can efficiently therapy residual tumor cells after surgery in early stage NSCLC, and maintains patients in stable condition for the advanced stages of lung cancer. [ 10 ]…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[ 8 ] The types of adoptive immunotherapy are numerous; they include, but are not limited to, dendritic cells and Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells, Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), Lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, Activated killer T cells and dendritic cells (AKT-DC), Natural killer T (NKT) cells, and γδ T cells. [ 10 , 11 ] However, the value of AI for postoperative NSCLC patients remains unclear because of their small size. Individual trials have not had sufficient statistical power to detect the moderate survival differences that might be expected of postoperative immunotherapy.…”
BackgroundAdoptive immunotherapy (AI) has been applied in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, but the value of postoperative AI has been inconclusive largely as a result of the small number of patients included in each study. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to address this issue for patients with postoperative NSCLC.MethodsPubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing adoptive immunotherapy with control therapies in postoperative NSCLC patients. The primary endpoint was overall survival. Hazard ratio (HR) was estimated and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a fixed-effect model.ResultsCompared with control therapies, analyses of 4 randomized controlled trials (472 patients) showed a significant benefit of adoptive immunotherapy on survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.61, 95% CI 0.45–0.84, p = 0.002), and a 39% reduction in the relative risk of death (no evidence of a difference between trials; p = 0.16, I² = 42%). In subgroup analyses by treatment cycles and treatment regimen, significant OS benefit was found in combination therapy of AI with chemotherapy, regardless of whether or not the treatment cycles were more than 10 cycles.ConclusionAdoptive immunotherapy has the potential to improve overall survival in postoperative NSCLC. The findings suggest this is a valid treatment option for these patients. Further randomized clinical trials are urgently needed.
“…55 Additionally, hyaluronic acid (HA) was conjugated onto PAMAM for targeting CD44 + gastric cancer stem cells specically. 56 Another instance of this approach is demonstrated by the use of folic acid (FA) due to its replication control, cell proliferation, synthesis of proteins and biocompatibility. 58 Moreover, it has high affinity towards FA receptors which aremainly overexpressed in breast (MCF-7), and cervical (KB) cells.…”
Section: Ayush Mongia Was Born Inmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The carrier of gene therapy mainly includes two categories: viral vector and non-viral vector. 56 Surface-modied Gold nanomaterials are considered as efficient gene delivery vehicles. 76,77 However, for gene therapy in general, siRNA molecules are phagocytosed and hence need to overcome extracellular and intracellular obstacles and be released from the endosome aer being internalized by tumor cells.…”
Section: Analyzing Targeted Gene Delivery Using Modified Gold Nanoparmentioning
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