T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases

Raphael, Itay; Nalawade, Saisha; Eagar, Todd N.; Forsthuber, Thomas G.

doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.011

Cited by 893 publications

(752 citation statements)

References 229 publications

(253 reference statements)

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“…The cytokines include IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ as Th1 cytokines, IL-4, IL5 and IL-10 as Th2 cytokines, IL-17 as a Th17 cytokine and IL-10 as a Treg cytokine. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-6 are inflammatory cytokines, which can induce Treg and/or Th17 cells as well (19). In nontreated CM, TGF-β, TNF-α and IFN-γ tended to have high expressions, similarly to the report of Fujii et al (15).…”

Section: Semi-quantitative Rt-pcrsupporting

confidence: 71%

The response of common marmoset immunity against cedar pollen extract

Kametani

Yamada

Takabayashi

et al. 2018

BST

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Section: Semi-quantitative Rt-pcrsupporting

confidence: 71%

The response of common marmoset immunity against cedar pollen extract

Kametani

Yamada

Takabayashi

et al. 2018

BST

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“…Th1 cells mainly produce cytokines such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), whereas Th17 cells mainly secrete IL-23, IL-17, IL-6, and others. Tregs help regulate the body's immune system and prominently secrete immune molecules such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (Fenoglio et al 2012;Raphael et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower Plasma Levels of IL-35 in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

Huang

Liu

et al. 2018

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease. Its histological characteristics, such as progressive intrahepatic bile duct destruction, cholestasis, and liver cirrhosis, are caused by the body's autoimmune disorders. Interleukin (IL)-35 has two subunits (p35 and Ebi3) and is a member of the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines. IL-35 has immunosuppressive functions and plays an important role in many autoimmune diseases. In this study, we compared plasma levels of IL-35 and relative mRNA expression levels of p35 and Ebi3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 70 PBC patients and 70 healthy individuals. The results showed that the relative expression levels of Ebi3 mRNA were lower in PBMCs from PBC patients than in PBMCs from healthy individuals, whereas the levels of p35 mRNA were similar in both groups. Plasma IL-35 concentrations were lower in patients with PBC than in healthy individuals. Plasma levels were higher in PBC patients at an advanced stage compared to patients at an early stage. Variable plasma levels with different stages were also found in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which is mainly produced by regulatory T cells (Tregs). IL-35 and TGF-β levels were positively correlated with each other, and IL-35 was capable of promoting the inhibitory functions of Tregs in PBC patients at both the early and late stages of disease. Lower plasma IL-35 levels were accompanied by higher levels of typical clinical parameters, such as alkaline phosphatase, or of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), in PBC patients (P < 0.05 for each). We propose that IL-35 may be involved in the pathogenesis of PBC and could be a potential biomarker for diagnosing this disease.

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“…Conversely, other GSLs can cause the immune system to skew more toward a Th2 response (24), which is responsible for extracellular pathogen destruction and is characterized by secretion of the cytokine IL-4 and other cytokines. An excessive Th1 response can lead to autoimmunity or chronic inflammation, and an excessive Th2 response can lead to allergies and asthma (25). Therefore, both of these immune responses must be tightly regulated for immune homeostasis, and interestingly, Th1 and Th2 responses inhibit one another.…”

Section: Gsl Activation Of Inkt Cells Alters the Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

The Alpha and Omega of Galactosylceramides in T Cell Immune Function

Birkholz

Howell

Kronenberg

2015

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Glycosphingolipids are a subgroup of glycolipids that contain an amino alcohol sphingoid base linked to sugars. They are found in the membranes of cells ranging from bacteria to vertebrates. This group of lipids is known to stimulate the immune system through activation of a type of white blood cell known as natural killer T cell (NKT cell). Here we summarize the extensive research that has been done to identify the structures of natural glycolipids that stimulate NKT cells and to determine how these antigens are recognized. We also review studies designed to understand how glycolipid variants, both natural and synthetic, can alter the responses of NKT cells, leading to dramatic changes in the global immune response.

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T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases

Cited by 893 publications

References 229 publications

The response of common marmoset immunity against cedar pollen extract

The response of common marmoset immunity against cedar pollen extract

Lower Plasma Levels of IL-35 in Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis

The Alpha and Omega of Galactosylceramides in T Cell Immune Function

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