T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders

Abstract

Continuous epidemiological surveillance of existing and emerging viruses and their associated disorders is gaining importance in light of their abilities to cause unpredictable outbreaks as a result of increased travel and vaccination choices by steadily growing and aging populations. Close surveillance of outbreaks and herd immunity are also at the forefront, even in industrialized countries, where previously eradicated viruses are now at risk of re-emergence due to instances of strain recombination, contractions in viral vector geographies, and from their potential use as agents of bioterrorism. There is a great need for the rational design of current and future vaccines targeting viruses, with a strong focus on vaccine targeting of adaptive immune effector memory T cells as the gold standard of immunity conferring long-lived protection against a wide variety of pathogens and malignancies. Here, we review viruses that have historically caused large outbreaks and severe lethal disorders, including respiratory, gastric, skin, hepatic, neurologic, and hemorrhagic fevers. To observe trends in vaccinology against these viral disorders, we describe viral genetic, replication, transmission, and tropism, host-immune evasion strategies, and the epidemiology and health risks of their associated syndromes. We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates.

Peripheral blood T cells response in human parainfluenza virus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in children

“…Cellular immunity are integrally linked during the initial induction of immunity against pathogens, these can become disconnected with developing pathology. This loss of correlation between T cells and neutralizing antibody responses varies according to different viruses, suggesting that independent time course measures of these separate immune responses are required over time for adequate recording of biomarkers of natural infection and vaccine efficacy or suggesting that T cell status may be most crucial measure of conferred long-term immunity( Monette and Mouland, 2019 ). The understanding of such immunological parameters in respiratory viral infections, clinical diagnostic models, and disease understanding may be refined.…”

Gestational Viral Infections: Role of Host Immune System

“…Several studies have investigated the special immunological condition reported during physiological pregnancy, evidencing the importance of specific immune-regulatory processes, in which a crucial role belongs to the major histocompatibility complex molecules, in humans HLAs (Human Leukocyte Antigens), which are also involved in the response against viral infections [ 47 , 48 ]. The loss or down-regulation of classical HLA class-Ia antigens, as well as the neo-expression of non-classical HLA class-Ib antigens (HLA-E, -F, and -G), is a frequent strategy used by viruses for evading immune surveillance [ 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Among these non-classical HLA-Ib molecules, HLA-G and HLA-E represent the most studied for their tolerogenic role toward the fetus during pregnancy [ 52 ] and for their regulating function in neoangiogenesis during placentation [ 53 ].…”