Tables of Random Permutations

Moses, Lincoln E.; Oakford, R. V.

doi:10.2307/2282765

Cited by 54 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The remaining 302 infants were stratified by sex, initial LAZ (Ҁ0.5 to Ҁ1.0, or -1.0), and whether or not they were assigned to participate in studies of body composition (see below) and then were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups by using a block randomization scheme, with a varied block length of 3 or 6 (12). The supplementation regimens for the 3 treatment groups were the following: 1) daily provision of a wheat-based, iron-fortified porridge without added zinc and a liquid multivitamin supplement without zinc (referred to as the control group), 2) the same porridge provided daily and the same liquid multivitamin supplement to which zinc was added (referred to as the zinc supplementation group, ZnSuppl), or 3) the same daily porridge to which zinc was added and the liquid multivitamin supplement without zinc (referred to as the zinc fortification group, ZnFort).…”

Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the effects of zinc delivered in a fortified food or a liquid supplement on the growth, morbidity, and plasma zinc concentrations of young Peruvian children

Brown¹,

Romaña²,

Arsenault³

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Zinc supplementation decreases morbidity from infections and increases growth of stunted children, but there is little information on functional responses to zinc delivered in fortified foods. Objective: The aim was to examine the effects of zinc fortification on the growth, morbidity from infections, and plasma zinc concentrations of young children. Design: We compared the physical growth, morbidity, and micronutrient status of 6 -8-mo-old Peruvian children with initial lengthfor-age z score (LAZ) Ҁ0.50 who were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments daily for 6 mo: 1) 30 g dry weight of an iron-fortified cereal porridge and a separate dose of an aqueous multivitamin (MV) supplement between meals (control group), 2) the same porridge and MV with 3 mg Zn added to the supplement dose (ZnSuppl group), or 3) the porridge with added zinc (150 mg/kg dry weight) and MV without zinc (ZnFort group). Results: The children consumed a mean of 22-26 g dry porridge/d and 96% of the possible MV doses. After adjustment for small baseline differences in socioeconomic status and morbidity, no significant differences in weight or length increments were observed between the groups, even among the subset with an initial LAZ Ҁ1.5, and no significant differences in the rates of common illnesses were observed. Mean plasma zinc concentrations decreased in the control group (Ҁ3.9 g/dL), increased in the ZnSuppl group (4.3 g/dL), and did not change significantly in the ZnFort group (Ҁ1.5 g/dL; P 0.001 for group-wise comparison). Conclusions: Provision of additional zinc, either in an aqueous supplement or a fortified porridge, did not significantly affect the children's physical growth or morbidity from infections, possibly because they were not sufficiently growth-restricted or zincdeficient initially or because the level of zinc intake or absorption was inadequate. Additional studies of the functional effect of zincfortified foods are needed in populations that are known to respond to zinc supplements.Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:538 -47.

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Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the effects of zinc delivered in a fortified food or a liquid supplement on the growth, morbidity, and plasma zinc concentrations of young Peruvian children

Brown¹,

Romaña²,

Arsenault³

et al. 2007

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…This is close to the expected value of 119. Algorithm 10 was first proposed by Moses and Oakford (1963) and Green (1963).…”

Section: Randomization Of Stimuli and Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Algorithms for randomness in the behavioral sciences: A tutorial

Brysbaert

1991

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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“…This technique is described by Sandelius (1962), to whom the name and abbreviation ORP are due. It was used by Moses and Oakford (1963) in generating their tables on a computer. Given that (5) select d random digits from a number system based on r symbols.…”

Section: One-stage Randomization Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Related methods arise in sorting, when the object is to rearrange a random permutation so that the integers are in a specified order (see, for instance, Hildebrandt and Isbitz, 1959). Tables of random permutations for n = 9 and 16 are given by Cochran and Cox (1950), for n = 10 and 20 by Fisher and Yates (1963), and for n = 9,16,20,30,50,100,200, 500 and 1,000 by Moses and Oakford (1963).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Random Permutations

Plackett

1968

Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology

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Summary The problem of generating random permutations of the integers 1, 2, …, n arises, for example, when sampling a randomization distribution and when tables of permutations are required for application to experimental design. An algorithm is described which minimizes the amount of randomization necessary to generate a random permutation, although in practice longer but simpler procedures are likely to be preferable. We discuss the probability distributions for the number of digits required by standard methods of generation from a sequence of random digits. Particular attention is given to the asymptotically efficient multistage randomization procedure. We obtain approximate formulae for the mean and variance of the number of digits and compare them with the exact results. An argument of a partly conjectural nature is put forward for the asymptotic normality of this number. The possibility that the permutations have unequal probabilities is briefly considered.

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Tables of Random Permutations

Cited by 54 publications

References 0 publications

Comparison of the effects of zinc delivered in a fortified food or a liquid supplement on the growth, morbidity, and plasma zinc concentrations of young Peruvian children

Comparison of the effects of zinc delivered in a fortified food or a liquid supplement on the growth, morbidity, and plasma zinc concentrations of young Peruvian children

Algorithms for randomness in the behavioral sciences: A tutorial

Random Permutations

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