Tadpole Edema Virus: A Viscerotropic Pathogen for Anuran Amphibians

Experimental infection of Australian anurans (Limnodynastes terraereginae and Litoria latopalmata) with Bohle iridovirus

“…Pathological changes in the kidney included vascular endothelial necrosis, haemorrhaging into glomeruli which were necrotic, and necrosis of capsules and interstitial tissues in which cells contained pyknotic nuclei. Vascular necrosis of the musculature and submucosa of the stomach, focal haemorrhaging in lungs and evidence of erythrocyte destruction were also encountered (Wolf et al 1968).…”

Comparative Pathology of Ranaviruses and Diagnostic Techniques

“…Other fi ndings in the skin of anurans and caudates can include ulceration or rough discolored gray areas (e.g., Bollinger et al 1999 ;Cunningham et al 2007 ;Kik et al 2011 ). Swelling of the legs, body, and head from accumulation of fl uid (i.e., edema) within the tissues, lymph sacs, and body cavity is commonly seen in amphibians, and is especially evident in larvae (e.g., see Wolf et al 1968 ;Miller et al 2011 ;Meng et al 2014 ).…”

Clinical signs, pathology and dose-dependent survival of adult wood frogs, Rana sylvatica, inoculated orally with frog virus 3 Ranavirus sp., Iridoviridae

“…Therefore, oral administration may be just as relevant in replicating natural exposure to viral particles in water bodies as is immersion in a water bath, and possibly more relevant for terrestrial species like the wood frog. Oral dosing allows for administration of relatively precise doses, and can be effected easily in most post-metamorphic frogs and even tadpoles of some species (Wolf et al, 1968;Hoverman et al, 2010).…”

“…Ranaviruses have been responsible for mass mortalities in wild and captive frogs and salamanders in north America, Asia, Australia and Europe (Gray et al, 2009), and are currently the focus of intense research (Chinchar et al, 2009). Experimental infections with various species and isolates of ranaviruses have been achieved through intraperitoneal injection (Tweedell & Granoff, 1968;Wolf et al, 1968), immersion in viral suspension via water bath (Brunner et al, 2005;Harp & Petranka, 2006;Cullen & Owens, 2002), exposure of cutaneous wounds to virus (Cunningham et al, 2007) and oral administration (Wolf et al, 1968;Hoverman et al, 2010). Although the work of dozens of researchers, past and present, frequently focuses on experimental challenges with the original FV3 isolated in the 1960s (Granoff et al, 1966), reported dosages vary, as do the species and developmental stage of the infected host.…”