“…Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are widely embraced for their outstanding optoelectronic properties, finding applications in photovoltaics, , light-emitting diodes (LEDs), , photodetectors, fluorescence imaging, and photocatalysis data memories et al , However, the environmental concerns associated with Pb-based halide perovskites have underscored the need for research on Pb-free alternatives. − Among these, Sn-based halide perovskites have gained interest by reason for their similarities with Pb in various aspects. − Despite their promising features, MHPs face challenges in stability due to their inherent ionic structural properties, rendering them vulnerable to external factors like solvents, ultraviolet (UV) rays, temperature, humidity, and electric fields. This limitation significantly impacts the practical utilization of MHPs. , …”