Taken from the sea, reclaimed by the sea: The fate of the closed harbour of Elaia, the maritime satellite city of Pergamum (Turkey)

Seeliger, Martin; Bartz, Melanie; Erkul, Ercan; Feuser, Stefan; Kelterbaum, Daniel; Klein, Christina; Pirson, Felix; Vött, Andreas; Brückner, Helmut

doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.03.004

Cited by 34 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Own DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) surveys (Leica GPS System 530) in 2010 and 2011 revealed a mean tidal range of about 20 cm. Although wind surges may increase sea level during the winter season this measurement is in good accordance with other sites in the eastern Aegean Sea (Flemming, 1978;Anzidei et al, 2011;Brückner et al, 2013;Seeliger et al, 2012Seeliger et al, , 2013Seeliger et al, , 2014.…”

Section: Physical Setting Of the Study Areasupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Several archaeological sites testify still ongoing subsidence of the graben system, namely (i) a partly drowned Roman thermal bath complex situated on the Kane Peninsula, and (ii) the sunken harbour breakwaters and drowned underwater wall structures in the Bay of Elaia (Figs. 1a and 2; Seeliger et al, 2012Seeliger et al, , 2013Seeliger et al, , 2014. Own investigations concerning the transgressive contact in the closed harbour of Elaia and the study of archaeological sea level markers resulted in an estimated subsidence rate of the graben ensemble of far less than 1 m per 1000 years in contrast to Aksu et al, 1987).…”

Section: Physical Setting Of the Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some investigations deal with the function and history of ancient harbour settlements in general: the harbours of Tyre, Lebanon (Marriner and Morhange, 2007;Marriner et al, 2008Marriner et al, , 2010Morhange et al, 2012), Carthage, Tunisia (Gifford et al, 1992), Pergamum (Elaia), Turkey Seeliger et al, 2013), Ephesus, Turkey (Brückner, 1997(Brückner, , 2005Stock et al, 2013), Corinth (Lechaion), Greece (Hadler et al, 2013), Marseille (Morhange et al, 2003), Rome, Italy , Ostia, Italy (Goiran et al, 2014) e to mention a few. Others describe special harbour or economy facilities like fish tanks and ship sheds in relation to the palaeo-sea level in detail.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others describe special harbour or economy facilities like fish tanks and ship sheds in relation to the palaeo-sea level in detail. Antonioli et al (2007) and Auriemma and Solinas (2009) provide a general overview how archaeological remains may be correlated and interpreted in relation to palaeo-sea level on the basis of different sites along the Mediterranean coast (see also Seeliger et al, 2013Seeliger et al, , 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Archaeological, geophysical and geoarchaeological fieldwork at Elaia started in 2006 (Pirson, , 2008a(Pirson, , 2011Brückner et al, 2013;Seeliger et al, 2012Seeliger et al, , 2013Seeliger et al, , 2014Pint et al, 2013). While most of the archaeological structures and facilities of Elaia's harbour such as the closed harbour basin and a submerged Late Roman saline have already been described and dated (Pirson, , 2008aSeeliger et al, 2012Seeliger et al, , 2013Seeliger et al, , 2014Pint et al, 2013), the hypothesis about the Hellenistic ship sheds of Elaia has not been proved so far. These structures, visible only in the geomagnetic and geoelectric measurements, are located immediately to the east of the closed harbour basin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The environs of Elaia's ancient open harbour – a reconstruction based on microfaunal evidence

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Section: Physical Setting Of the Study Areasupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Physical Setting Of the Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The environs of Elaia's ancient open harbour – a reconstruction based on microfaunal evidence

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Combined Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Direct‐Push Electrical Conductivity (DP‐EC) Logging and Coring – A New Methodological Approach in Geoarchaeological Research

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et al. 2016

Archaeological Prospection

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Non-invasive geophysical methods have been increasingly applied in geoarchaeological research commonly showing the need of data calibration based on stratigraphical information deduced from outcrops or sediment cores. In this contribution, a methodological approach combining two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and stratigraphical data based on coring and, for the first time in geoarchaeological research, direct-push electrical conductivity (DP-EC) logging is presented and discussed. The approach yields high resolution data based on studies of two different types of archives, the Holsterburg site in central Germany located in a fluvio-terrestrial zone and the Corfu City site in Greece located in a near-coastal zone. It is shown that DP-EC logs trace fluctuations over grain size in high resolution which reflect changes of depositional conditions in the course of time. In addition, constraints from DP-EC logs in the form of layer interfaces and electrical resistivities were incorporated into the ERT inversion process minimizing the ambiguity of inversion results. It is shown that incorporating regions with certain starting resistivities based on DP-EC logs exceed the advantage of using layer interfaces alone. It is concluded that in future geoarchaeological and geomorphological studies a combined application of coring, DP-EC logging and ERT measurements should be considered as a standard approach towards a more comprehensive stratigraphical characterization of the shallow subsurface.

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Human impact on Holocene sediment dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean – the example of the Roman harbour of Ephesus

Stock

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et al. 2016

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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During the past millennia, many erosion and accumulation processes have been modified by anthropogenic impact. This holds especially true for the environs of ancient settlements and their harbours along the Mediterranean coasts. Our multi-proxy investigations in the Roman harbour and the harbour canal of Ephesus (western Turkey) reveals that humans have significantly triggered soil erosion during the last three millennia. Since the eighth century BC, and especially since the Hellenistic period, a high sedimentation rate indicates fast alluviation and delta progradation of the Küçük Menderes. Deforestation, agriculture (especially ploughing) and grazing (especially goats) were the main reasons for erosion of the river catchment area. One consequence was significant siltation of the Hellenistic/Roman harbour basin. This sediment trap archives the human impact, which was strongly enhanced from Hellenistic/Roman to Byzantine times (second/first centuries BC to the sixth/seventh centuries AD), evidenced by high sedimentation rates, raised values of heavy metal contaminations [lead (Pb), copper (Cu)], the occurrence of fruit tree pollen and of intestinal parasites. From the middle to the end of the first millennium AD, the influence of Ephesus declined, which resulted in a decrease of human impact. Studies of several ancient settlements around the Mediterranean Sea tell a comparable story. They also confirm that during their most flourishing periods the human impact totally overprinted the climatic one. To detect the latter, geo-bioarchives of relatively pristine areas have to be investigated in detail.

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Taken from the sea, reclaimed by the sea: The fate of the closed harbour of Elaia, the maritime satellite city of Pergamum (Turkey)

Cited by 34 publications

References 39 publications

The environs of Elaia's ancient open harbour – a reconstruction based on microfaunal evidence

The environs of Elaia's ancient open harbour – a reconstruction based on microfaunal evidence

Combined Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Direct‐Push Electrical Conductivity (DP‐EC) Logging and Coring – A New Methodological Approach in Geoarchaeological Research

Human impact on Holocene sediment dynamics in the Eastern Mediterranean – the example of the Roman harbour of Ephesus

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