TaOx electron transport layers for CO2 reduction Si photocathodes

Abstract

Electron transport layers (ETLs) used as components of photocathodes for light-driven CO2 reduction (CO2R) in aqueous media should have good electronic transport, be stable under CO2R conditions, and, ideally, be catalytically inert for the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, using planar p-Si (100) as the absorbing material, we show that TaOx satisfies all three of the above criteria. TaOx films were synthesized by both pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and radio-frequency (RF) sputtering. In both cases, careful control of the oxygen partial pressure during growth was required to produce ETLs with acceptable electron conductivity. p-Si/TaOx photocathodes were interfaced with ca. 10 nm of a CO2R catalyst: Cu or Au. Under front illumination with simulated AM 1.5G in CO2-saturated bicarbonate buffer, we observed, for both metals, faradaic efficiencies for CO2R products of ~50% and ~30% for PLD TaOx and RF sputtered TaOx, respectively, at photocurrent densities up to 8 mA cm-2. p-Si/TiO2/Cu photocathodes were also evaluated but produced mostly H2 (>97%) due to reduction of the TiO2 to Ti metal under CO2R conditions. In contrast, a dual ETL photocathode (p-Si/TiO2/TaOx/Cu) was selective for CO2R, which suggests a strategy for separately optimizing selective charge collection and the stability of the ETL/water interface. The maximum photovoltage obtained with p-Si/TaOx/Cu devices was 300 mV which was increased to 430-460 mV by employing ion implantation to make pn+-SiTaOx/Cu structures. Photocathodes with RF sputtered TaOx ETLs are stable for CO2R for at least 300 min. Techno-economic analysis shows that the reported system, if scaled, could allow for an economically viable production of feedstocks for chemical synthesis under the adoption of specific CO2 credit schemes, thus becoming a significant component to carbon-neutral manufacturing.

Tailoring co-catalysts on Si photocathodes for efficient photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction: recent progress and prospects of deposition methods

“…These PVD techniques provide a simple catalyst deposition method applicable to research in PEC CO 2 RR. [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] A catalyst deposition technique, known as drop-casting method, involves simple drop casting and spin coating. In the drop casting process, a solution containing catalyst materials or nanoparticles is meticulously placed onto a stationary substrate in controlled droplets, ensuring precise and localized deposition.…”

“…Joel W. Ager and colleagues reported the use of TaO x electron transport layers in CO 2 reduction on Si photocathodes. 47 TaO x films were synthesized via PLD and radio-frequency (RF) Fig. 12 (a) Band diagram illustration of an MIS photocathode converting CO 2 to C 2+ products.…”