Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Divergence Time Estimation, and Biogeography of the Family Pseudoplagiostomataceae (Ascomycota, Diaporthales)

Abstract

Species of Pseudoplagiostomataceae were mainly introduced as endophytes, plant pathogens, or saprobes from various hosts. Based on multi-locus phylogenies from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), partial DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit two gene (rpb2), the partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1α), and the partial beta-tubulin gene (tub2), in conjunction with morphological characteristics, we describe three new species, viz. Pseudoplagiostoma alsophilae sp. nov., P. bambusae sp. nov., and P. machili sp. nov. Molecular clock analyses on the divergence times of Pseudoplagiostomataceae indicated that the conjoint ancestor of Pseudoplagiostomataceae and Apoharknessiaceae occurred in the Cretaceous period. and had a mean stem age of 104.1 Mya (95% HPD of 86.0–129.0 Mya, 1.0 PP), and most species emerged in the Paleogene and Neogene period. Historical biogeography was reconstructed for Pseudoplagiostomataceae by the RASP software with a S–DEC model, and suggested that Asia, specifically Southeast Asia, was probably the ancestral area.

Morphological and phylogenetic analyzes reveal two new species of Melanconiella from Fujian Province, China

“…To promote sporulation and visualize the appearance of colonies, hyphae were inoculated onto the center of PDA prepared with pine needle and synthetic low nutrient agar SNA (SNA medium: deionized water 1,000 mL, KH 2 PO 4 1 g, KNO 3 1 g, MgSO 4 . 7H 2 O 0.5 g, KCl 0.5 g, dextrose 0.2 g, sucrose 0.2 g, agar 12 g, available after sterilization) and incubated at 25°C under alternating conditions of 12 h near ultraviolet light and 12 h dark ( Cai et al, 2009 ; Zhang et al, 2023 ).…”

Pseudoplagiostoma perseae sp. nov. causes leaf spot disease on avocado leaves in Taiwan

“…However, the conidiomata of P. alsophilae, P. machili, and P. mangiferae were pycnidial, whereas P. perseae had acervuli. The colony surfaces of both P. alsophilae and P. machili on PDA were gray white to creamy white with irregular margins, and the reverse sides were similar (Zhang et al, 2023). The surface of the P. mangiferae colony on PDA was pink-white to cream and pale yellowish when viewed from the reverse side (Phookamsak et al, 2019).…”

“…So far, no avocado leaf disease caused by Pseudoplagiostoma species has been reported. Currently, the genus Pseudoplagiostoma contains 15 species (Bezerra et Zhang et al, 2023). The asexual structures of the genus Pseudoplagiostoma include acervular to pycnidial conidiomata with cylindrical to ampulliform conidiogenous cells and aseptate ellipsoidal conidia; the sexual structures are depressed globose or elliptical ostiolate perithecia with subcylindrical to long obovoid asci, which bear eight, two seriate, hyaline, medianly one-septate ellipsoidal ascospores with tapering ends and terminal elongate appendages (Cheewangkoon et al, 2010).…”

“…)(Crous et al, 2018(Crous et al, , 2019. P. alsophilae, P. bambusae, P. castaneae, P. jasmini, and P. machili were also isolated from leaf spots on their preferred host plants, e.g., bamboo or chestnut(Mu et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2023). In addition, P. dipterocarpi and P. myracroduonis are endophytic, living in the leaves of tree species such as the Indian English gurjun tree (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus) and Urunday tree (Myracrodruon urundeuva)(Bezerra et al, 2019;Suwannarach et al, 2016).…”

“…concatenated ITS and TUB to distinguish P. eucalypti, P. oldii, and P. variable. Many studies of Pseudoplagiostoma species also included ITS, LSU, and TUB in their phylogenetic analyses(Bezerra et al, 2019;Crous et al, 2018;Gomdola et al, 2023;Hittanadurage et al, 2023;Mu et al, 2022;Phookamsak et al, 2019;Suwannarach et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2023). Other gene markers, such as TEF and RPB2, are also used to resolve Pseudoplagiostoma spp (Bezerra et al, 2019;Hittanadurage et al, 2023;Mu et al, 2022;Tang et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2023)…”