“…However, several authors emphasize that redirecting these priorities in the classroom, changing the educational goal, and conceiving of specific knowledge as a means toward that goal and not as an end in itself, requires a genuine change in mentality and teaching practices ( Hong, 2012 ; Murphy et al, 2021 ; Tahirsylaj and Fazliu, 2021 ) or, if we prefer, a genuine conceptual change ( Pozo et al, 2006 ; Ajayi, 2013 ), that is difficult to achieve. Indeed, several studies conducted prior to the pandemic found there was a gap between what teachers prefer and what they really do, as shown by the outcomes of the TALIS project ( OECD, 2009 ; Berger et al, 2018 ), that is, between their conceptions and their practices.…”