“…Instagram, Facebook, and WeChat) (Huang et al, 2019;Osaigbovo & Iwegim, 2018;Qi, 2017), web-based and e-learning platforms including MOOCs (Aarabi et al, 2016;Bothe et al, 2019;W. Liu, 2018;Lv et al, 2020;Miaomiao & Lili, 2015;Polasek & Javorcik, 2019a, 2019bSubramaniam & Muniandy, 2019;Wang et al, 2018;Zahirović Suhonjić et al, 2019), smartphone applications (Dingler et al, 2017;Edge et al, 2011Edge et al, , 2012Göschlberger, 2017;Kadhem, 2017;L. Liu et al, 2018; custom-developed platforms utilising web or alternative programming technologies (Correa et al, 2018;Hsu & Zhou, 2017;Matthews et al, 2014).…”