Technical challenges of the Large Hadron Collider experiments (ATLAS and CMS)

Abstract

This review article introduces the design of the general purpose experiments ATLAS and CMS, which independently discovered the Higgs boson, showing how generic features are motivated by the characteristics needed to explore the physics landscape made accessible by the Large Hadron Collider accelerator, whose high collision rate creates an extremely challenging operating environment for instrumentation. Examples of the very different component designs chosen by the two experiment collaborations are highlighted, as an introduction to briefly describing techniques used in the construction of some of these elements and, subsequently, in the assembly of both detection systems in their respective underground caverns.

Review of Knowledge Management in Optical Networks, Lambda Architecture using Database Technologies in Cloud Settings

“…When the model is partially updated without affecting the performance (robustness) and accuracy of the non-modified part, the technique can provide essential benefits for such specific cases. The trained models are linear SVMs, the decision hyperplanes coefficients of each model to efficiently divides the feature space region into two various response classes and can be obtained from the support vectors [16]. The combined model of the features of the individual models is given by: Where is the vector of linear coefficients (every feature and the intercept),…”

“…In view of the numerous benefits cloud services provide, there have been serious challenges between the cloud service providers and the users/customers on issues related to the reliability of customer's data and virtualization technology involve during live migrations with their data. According to [16], the U.S. physicists prepared an analysis of data from the CMS and ATLAS detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and faced unprecedented challenges: Massive, globally distributed datasets growing over 200-petabyte level by 2025, Petaflops of distributed computing, Collaborative data analysis by global communities of thousands of scientists. The Particle Physics Data Grid (PPDG), together with the NSF-funded iVDGL and GriPhyN projects, is moving to the development of next-generation integrated Grid systems to meet these challenges and to fully exploit the LHC's potential for physics discoveries.…”

Before, behind and beyond the discovery of the Higgs boson

“…The technical challenges that were confronted and overcome during the construction of the LHC accelerator are described in the paper by Collier [5], which serves to emphasize that the Higgs discovery was a supreme engineering challenge as well as an experimental tour de force. The experimental challenges are reviewed in the paper by Ball [6], outlining the different approaches taken by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations, each consisting of thousands of physicists and engineers from dozens of countries around the world.…”

“…The experimental challenges are reviewed in the paper by Ball [6], outlining the different approaches taken by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations, each consisting of thousands of physicists and engineers from dozens of countries around the world.…”

The route of science: Labyrinths and algorithms - Inspirations by human papillomavirus testing and cervical cancer

“…However, ultimately, the key agent particle in energy conversion (the God particle) was discovered. [ 15 16 ] The existence of the Higgs boson has been nearly universally acknowledged and as a mere observer of the process, Peter Higgs received the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for his theory. [ 17 ]…”