Techniques used to improve the performance of the stepped solar still—A review

Energy and exergy analysis of solar stills with micro/nano particles: A comparative study

“…It was spotted that the exergy efficiency is smaller than the energy efficiency. 5 They found that the exergy destruction rate in the still components is much dependent on the rate of incident insolation with evaluated values equal to 9.7, 62.5 and 386 W/m 2 for the glazier, the water and the bottom trough, respectively. Shanmugan et al [36] studied, experimentally, the performance of SS and evaluated the instantaneous exergy and energy efficiencies during summer and winter.…”

“…Due to low yield of the SSs, many investigators introduced several scrupulous designs to enhance the output by enhance the evaporation rate of water. Researchers suggested different designs to improve the SSs' performance, such as double slope [3], stepped SS [4,5], SS with phase change materials (PCMs) [6][7][8][9] wick SS [ 10 -12 ] , hybrid SS [13][14][15], stepped SS with continual water circulation [ 3 ] , wind speed [16], SS with storage materials [17,18], SS with nanoparticles [19], SS with PV/T [20][21][22] , and SS with vertical ripple surface [23].…”

Comparative Experimental Study Between Conventional Stepped Solar Still and an Active Stepped Solar Still Incorporated with a Water Circulation System

“…Because in stepped solar still, the thickness of saline water layer is less and consequently the rate of evaporation is higher. Kabeel et al [12][13][14][15][16] used a stepped solar still and a settling tank to purify the textile effluent. Fins, sponge and pebble were used to improve the stepped solar still productivity.…”

To Enhance the Performance of Solar Still With Reflectors.

“…The production volume for a simple type solar still is only between 2-5 /m 2 /day. This makes the solar stills uneconomic compared to the other conventional distillation systems [1].Many researchers have reviewed, comprehensively, the latest work on solar stills such as classification [2],design [3], improvement techniques [4], passive [5], active [6], inclined [7], stepped [8], wick type [9], and condensers with solar stills [10]. There is no specific manageable survey on solar stills with reflectors.…”