Technology and Function of Middle Stone Age Points. Insights from a Combined Approach at Bushman Rock Shelter, South Africa

Nubian Levallois reduction strategies in the Tankwa Karoo, South Africa

“…When MSA assemblages from across the Western and Southern Cape are considered, the period when preferential point production was most prominent was late MIS 5 or MSA II [ 109 , 111 , 113 , 114 ]. In contrast, unifacially retouched points are most common in the post-Howiesons Poort but do not appear to be technologically dependent on preferential point production, using a range of blank forms.…”

“…Even though Levallois point production is characteristic of MIS 5 at certain sites [109,111,113,114], we argue that the other important features that distinguish the Tweefontein assemblage-high retouch rates and use of fine-grained silcrete-are more consistent with MIS 3 patterns [115]. Supported by the post-Howiesons Poort age associated with unifacial points, high silcrete use and Nubian technology at Mertenhof [32], the occurrence of this specific method of point production accords with the wider trend towards technological regionalisation during MIS 3.…”

Paradigm of technological convergence and digital transformation: The challenges of CH sectors in the global COVID-19 pandemic and commencing resilience-based structure for the post-COVID-19 era

“…The first stage of the structure is the early stage of the technology process in which the initial ideas of convergence are shaped. The composed data are transferred for big data analytics and the related information is forwarded to the self-governing decision-making system using sustained digital technologies, IoT, and machine learning ( Douze et al., 2020 ). These innovative and subsystem ideas are further shifted to the second stage.…”

Revisiting Middle Stone Age hunting at ≠GI, Botswana: A tip cross-sectional area study

“…However, if the excavators did not use fine-meshed sieves to curate all the small tips of broken points, such an analysis cannot be thorough or directly comparable with the results of other studies that included all the fragments and tips in an assemblage (e.g., Lombard 2005bLombard , 2007. Robust hunting interpretationsor the lack of hunting cannot be based on casual fracture observations made on assemblages of unbroken points (as done by Douze et al [2020], self-citing a paper [Douze et al 2015] that does not include any reference to a formal micro-fracture study). The depositional and curational history of the MSA artefacts from ≠Gi may also prevent micro-wear and micro-residue studies from being fruitful, for example, several of the points have depositional concretions (Fig.…”