Tectonically driven late Paleocene (57.9–54.7Ma) transgression and climatically forced latest middle Eocene (41.3–38.0Ma) regression on the Indian subcontinent

Singh, Birendra; Singh, Y. Raghumani; Andotra, D.S.; Patra, A. C.; Srivastava, V. K.; Guruaribam, Venus; Sijagurumayum, Umarani; Singh, G. P.

doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.09.030

Cited by 29 publications

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“…The latest middle Eocene has witnessed global cooling, as a result of the nucleation of the Antarctic Ice‐Sheet coupled with a global sea‐level regression (B. P. Singh et al, ; Zachos, Pagani, Sloan, Thomas, & Billups, ). Thus, the middle Eocene dolostone of the Kachchh Basin, western India, precipitated at comparatively lower temperatures associated with a major regression at this stage (B. P. Singh et al, ). This regression was responsible for the exposure of the shelf for more freshwater input from the continental part and precipitation of dolomite as a result of meteoric‐marine mixing (e.g., Anan & Wanas, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latest middle Eocene has witnessed global cooling, as a result of the nucleation of the Antarctic Ice-Sheet coupled with a global sealevel regression (B. P Singh et al, 2016;Zachos, Pagani, Sloan, Thomas, & Billups, 2001)…”

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confidence: 99%

“…. Thus, the middle Eocene dolostone of the Kachchh Basin, western India, precipitated at comparatively lower temperatures associated with a major regression at this stage (B. P Singh et al, 2016)…”

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Sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of the late middle Eocene dolostone succession, Kachchh, western India

2018

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Dolostones form by many processes, and their origins are enigmatic. The present study focuses on the origin of the newly recorded 16.5‐m‐thick late middle Eocene dolostone succession of the Kachchh Basin, western India. To achieve this target, a comprehensive field, petrographic, scanning electron microscopy and geochemical studies have been carried out. This dolostone succession shows a sharp contact with the underlying middle Eocene Fulra Limestone Formation. The petrographic study shows a dominance of unimodal, planar‐euhedral idiotopic mosaics of dolomite rhombs along with replacement texture. The X‐ray diffraction pattern confirms it as non‐stoichiometric type dolomite (average molar% MgCO3 = 47.19). SEM‐EDS study deciphers perfectly developed zoned planar‐e dolomite rhombs (40–100 μm) with minor variation in the concentrations of elemental Mg (47.67% to 43.33%) and Ca (52.33% to 56.67%). Among the major oxides, CaO and MgO are the dominant components, indicating that the major mineral phase is dolomite. The positive correlation of CaO with SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 and a negative correlation of MgO and ∑REE with them suggest that the CaO was mainly contributed from the rivers, while the MgO was contributed from the lagoonal brine/seawater. The low concentration of Sr (144–234 ppm) in the studied dolostone is compatible with the marginal marine mixing origin. The ∑REE content in the dolostones is comparatively lower (18.22 ppm) than the average value of typical marine carbonates (28 ppm), thus suggesting meteoric mixing conditions. The superchondritic Y/Ho values (35.21–100) and Post‐Archaean Australian Shale‐normalized REY patterns of the dolostone facies exhibit typical shallow (bathymetry <50 m) seawater‐like patterns. A strong positive correlation between ΣREE and Y, and low Er/Nd ratios (~0.1) in the dolostone facies indicate incorporation of minor terrigenous influx during dolomitization in a meteoric‐marine mixing condition. The authigenic uranium (0.4–1.7) and slightly negative Ce anomaly suggest that the dolostone succession was precipitated in oxic to dysoxic conditions. The prevalence of planar (euhedral and subhedral) dolomite texture indicates that the dolomitization occurred in a shallow marine environment under low salinity and temperature conditions. Thus, the absence of evaporitic association and physical compaction or deep burial features and the presence of large channelized vugs, mouldic pores along with partially replaced shallow marine fossils, anhydrite cement, and marginal‐marine values of Sr, Na, Ba, Mn, and Fe support the meteoric‐marine mixing model of dolomitization under shallow marine condition of this dolostone succession.

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Sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of the late middle Eocene dolostone succession, Kachchh, western India

2018

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“…The Matanomadh Formation, approximately 27 m thick, represents the oldest lithostratigraphic unit among the Tertiary sequences of the Kachchh Basin and comprises a basal lateritic member and an upper clastic member (Saxena, ). The lateritic member comprises calcareous mudstone, ferruginous mudstone, and lateritic bauxite deposits, while the clastic member that formed during the late Palaeocene transgressive phase in the basin is composed of ~17‐m‐thick sandstone‐dominated succession exposed on the eastern side of the Matanomadh village (23°32′43″N, 68°57′04″E; Singh et al, ; Srivastava & Singh, ; Srivastava, Singh, & Patra, ).…”

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“…(g) Presence of clay bed overlain by ferricrete. Length of the hammer is 45 cm [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] dominated succession exposed on the eastern side of the Matanomadh village (23°32′43″N, 68°57′04″E; Singh et al, 2016;Srivastava & Singh, 2017a;Srivastava, Singh, & Patra, 2018).…”

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Petrographical, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of the Palaeocene lateritic bauxite deposits of Kachchh Basin, Western India

Singh¹,

Srivastava

2018

Geological Journal

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Petrographical, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of a blanket‐type lateritic bauxite deposit, bordering the Deccan basalt in Kachchh, are investigated to interpret the parent rock, lateritization processes, and palaeogeographical position of the basin. The presence of partly weathered vesicular basalt at the base of the succession along with partly preserved plagioclase, augite, and hornblende in petrographical observations suggests the in situ nature of these bauxites. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals gibbsite as the major bauxitic mineral associated with kaolinite, goethite, titanium‐rich anatase, calcite, haematite, and quartz as subconstituents. The presence of gibbsite, kaolinite, and goethite in the majority suggests that warm and humid climatic conditions prevailed during the lateritic bauxite formation. SEM‐EDS analysis shows that most of the gibbsites are mesocrystalline with particle sizes 50–200 μm that coexists with microcrystalline goethite, kaolinite, rutile, and haematite. These deposits are classified as bauxite, ferruginous bauxite, and laterite, based on chemical composition. The high CIA values (86.6–98.1%) suggest their formation under high run‐off and water‐logged conditions similar to that which prevails in the equatorial region. The Zr–Cr–Ga ternary plot testifies to the mafic composition of the parent rock. The major oxides and chondrite‐normalized trace and REEs behaviours, (La/Sm)N ratio (~5.77), and Eu anomaly of these lateritic bauxites suggest that they (bauxites) were formed in situ by the intensive leaching and alteration of the basaltic parent rock, and the process of bauxitization followed the path of deferruginization and destruction of kaolinite. The development of a lateritic regolith over the Deccan basalt was possible during Palaeocene time when the Indian Plate was in complete isolation and the Kachchh region was positioned near the equator in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Depositional environments and sources for the middle Eocene Fulra Limestone Formation, Kachchh Basin, western India: Evidences from facies analysis, mineralogy, and geochemistry

Srivastava

Singh

2018

Geological Journal

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The middle Eocene Fulra Limestone Formation of the Kachchh Basin, western India was investigated to interpret depositional environments and sources of limestones based on facies analysis, mineralogy, and major, trace, and rare earth elements (REEs) geochemistry. Facies stacking pattern of the Fulra Limestone Formation exhibits an overall shallowing-upward sedimentary succession developed in the middle to inner ramp to lagoonal set-up. Staining of the thin sections and X-ray diffraction patterns show dominance of calcite mineral. The CaO, ranging from 40.45% to 49.69%, is the dominant oxide among the major oxides followed by SiO 2 (4.04-10.3%). The dominance of CaO over MgO suggests that the major mineral phase has been calcite and no dolomitization occurred during the deposition of the Fulra limestone. The low proportion of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 suggests low siliciclastic input during the precipitation of the Fulra limestone that is confirmed by the positive correlation of ∑REE with Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Ni, Th, Sc, and Y and the negative correlation of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and Sr with CaO. The average value of REE contents in the Fulra Limestone Formation are lower (*16.02 ppm) than the average value of typical marine carbonates (*28 ppm). The Post-Archean Australian Shale-normalized REE + Y patterns of the Fulra limestone exhibit seawater like shale-normalized REE + Y pattern, whereas slightly lower average value of Y/Ho ratio (34.60) than the typical seawater value (~44-74) suggests modification of the seawater, to some extent, by input of freshwater in a coastal environment. The REEs of the Fulra Limestone Formation have similarity with the carbonates of the Arabian Sea and/or shallow marine carbonates with exception of a few elements. It is envisaged from this study that the Fulra limestone was deposited in a shallow marine to coastal set-up where mixing of the continental material in seawater was feasible.

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Tectonically driven late Paleocene (57.9–54.7Ma) transgression and climatically forced latest middle Eocene (41.3–38.0Ma) regression on the Indian subcontinent

Cited by 29 publications

References 27 publications

Sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of the late middle Eocene dolostone succession, Kachchh, western India

Sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of the late middle Eocene dolostone succession, Kachchh, western India

Petrographical, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of the Palaeocene lateritic bauxite deposits of Kachchh Basin, Western India

Depositional environments and sources for the middle Eocene Fulra Limestone Formation, Kachchh Basin, western India: Evidences from facies analysis, mineralogy, and geochemistry

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