Temperature Assisted Nucleation and Growth To Optimize Perovskite Morphology at Liquid Interface: A Study by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Abstract

In this work, methylammonium lead tri-iodide perovskite has been synthesized by spin coating of lead acetate trihydrate and methylammonium iodide precursor on preheated substrate. Significant difference in film morphology has been observed as the temperature was varied from room temperature to 120 °C prior to spin coating. Nucleation and growth mechanism is revisited to find out the optimum substrate temperature for fabricating uniform perovskite films and is attributed to the fast homogeneous nucleation followed by delayed growth process. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement at the perovskite−liquid electrolyte interface reveals the impact of film morphology on the anomalous diffusion behavior observed at the low frequency regime.

Nucleation and crystal growth control for scalable solution-processed organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells

“…With regard to the solution-based fabrication of perovskite thin lms, research reports have emphasized the importance of nucleation control for perovskite lm growth. [64][65][66] Upon classical nucleation, Zhao et al 67 devised a perovskite seeding method that efficiently incorporated cesium and benecially modulated perovskite crystallization. Perovskite seed crystals were embedded in a PbI 2 lm as the perovskite seeds for perovskite crystal growth.…”

Advanced Strategies to Tailor the Nucleation and Crystal Growth in Hybrid Halide Perovskite Thin Films

“…In 2018, Srivastava et al described the underlying theory of crystallization thermodynamics altered by the preheating temperature which leads to a significant change in the film morphology ( Srivastava et al, 2018 ). In a single-step deposition process of the perovskite film, when the precursor is spin coated on the substrate, phase transformation takes place from the liquid (L) to the crystalline (β) phase.…”

“…Peaks indicated by the blue dotted line (∼12.6°) correspond to the lead iodide peak, and black dotted line (∼7.9°) corresponds to the lead acetate peak. Reproduced with permission ( Srivastava et al, 2018 ). Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.…”

“…These methods involve changing the perovskite precursor solution concentration and temperature, optimizing the coating parameters such as the spin speed and time, tuning the annealing temperature of thin films. In addition to these methods, new techniques such as composition ( Kang and Park, 2019 ) and thermal engineering ( Srivastava et al, 2018 ), additive engineering in the perovskite precursor solution ( Tavakoli et al, 2019 ; Giuliano et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ), air-assisted drying ( Ding et al, 2019 ), humidity tuning ( Gangishetty et al, 2016 ), vapor-assisted annealing ( Sheng et al, 2015 ; Shi et al, 2015 ; Karlsson et al, 2021 ), and surface passivation layer capping ( Chen P. et al, 2018 ; Tavakoli et al, 2019 ; He et al, 2020 ; Yu et al, 2021 ) are also employed. To gain a deeper insight into this, we need to understand film optimization through the process of the crystal growth and design.…”

Unveiling the Morphology Effect on the Negative Capacitance and Large Ideality Factor in Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes

“…6 This is the most widely used circuit for the perovskite-based devices including solar cells, [7][8][9] and perovskite-electrolyte based devices. [10][11][12] Pocket et al have presented a similar straightforward coupled ionic-electronic model that can be used to explain the impedance response and the large amplitude transient behaviour of PSC. 13 This circuit has been successful in explaining a lot of phenomenon related to the interfacial kinetics in perovskite-based device.…”