Temperature Variations in a Norwegian Fiord

Helland-Hansen, Björn

doi:10.2307/519886

Cited by 12 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…All contracts from Finnmark, save one, dated from the 19th century. 102 Consequently, the total proportion of very old supported by family and relations was lower in Finnmark than in the other counties, and the proportions supported primarily by poor relief and own work tended to be higher.…”

Section: Retirement Couples Made Their Own Food As Long As They Both mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He concludes that retirement had no customary basis in the country, but was constructed from the laws. 103 Finnmark had long traditions of combining fishing with sheep and cattle husbandry, although the scale was generally small. In many districts, Sámi peasants used to move seasonally to fishing and hunting sites and for pasture.…”

Section: Retirement Couples Made Their Own Food As Long As They Both mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Grandmothers' pauper income of fuel, flour, or money contributed to the common fund of food and heating. 139 As income taxation in money was introduced, even a small income of money could be crucial.…”

Section: Relief In the Householdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…155 Kjeld Helland-Hansen makes the point even more forcibly when he emphasizes that retirement was the farm's continued support of the old farmer. 156 Conversely, the old people's large and small contributions of work, experience, or relief money, were needed and utilized. 157 By continuing support and care for its weakest members, the collective was maintained as the basic security for survival.…”

Section: Interdependencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Life Support in High Age

Elstad

2013

Journal of Family History

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This article explores how very old people in Northern Norway supported life before economic modernization, from nineteenth-century census registrations and ethnographic sources. Very few lived alone. About 80 percent were primarily supported by living with relations—family, kin, or nonkin, participating with work and experience, the majority through a retirement agreement. In the northernmost parts, where Sámi traditions of land ownership dominated, retirement was uncommon. Other very old supported life from independent work or public relief. Old women with few ties were at particular risk of destitution.

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Section: Retirement Couples Made Their Own Food As Long As They Both mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Retirement Couples Made Their Own Food As Long As They Both mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relief In the Householdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interdependencementioning

confidence: 99%

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Life Support in High Age

Elstad

2013

Journal of Family History

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“…The characteristic diagram that was first used for representing observed conditions in a natural fluid is the oceanographic temperaturesalinity diagram, introduced by HELLA~D-HAzcSE~ [20]. It The usefulness of the Taylor diagram has become apparent in the study of atmospheric processes next to a water surface (sea surface, rMn&'ops, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The taylor diagram (temperature against vapor pressure) for air mixtures

Montgomery

1950

Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. A.

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Abstract. The diagram having temperature as one coordinate and partial pressure of aqueous vapor as the other was introduced by G. I. TAYLOR in his study of condensation due to mixing and is now called the Taylor diagram. The diagram fulfills almost exactly the property of mixtures, i. e., that mixtures of two samples of air are represented by the straight line joining the two points representing the samples, and that the relative distance from the point for either sample to the point for any mixture equals the proportion of the other sample in the mixture.The psychrometrie formula, which determines wet-bulb temperature on the diagram, is expressed in a new approximate form that is both convenient for calculation and accurate. It shows that the isotherms of wet-bulb temperature (or equivalent temperature) can be drawn straight with good accuracy. The isosteres are straight lines exactly.By merely changing the designations of the axes to potential temperature and potential vapor pressure, the diagram is made to fulfill the property of mixtures even for air samples at different pressures. l~isumg. G. I. TAYLOR duns son 6rude sur la condensation par m61ange a 6tabli nn diagramme dont les eoordonn6es sont la temp6rature et la pression de vapeur d'eau. Ce diagramme satisfait presque exactement la partieularit6 de m61anges qui eonsiste duns le fair que des m61anges de deux masses d'air sont repr~sent4s pa r la droite reliant les deux points correspondants g l'6tat de ees deux masses; la distanee relative d'un point queleonque de eette droite g Fun des points extrgmes est, duns un m61ange donn6, proportionnelle la fraction de la masse dont l'@tat est reprdsent@ par l'autre borne du segment. La formule psyehrom8trique qui fournit la tempgrature du thermomgtre humide darts le diagramme est raise sous une forme approximative simplifide, exaete et pratique. I1 s'ensuit que les isolignes de la tempdrature hurnide (ou 6quivalente) peuvent @tre repr4sentdes assez exaetement par des droites. Les isost@res sont des droites en toute rigueur. En introduisant simplement la temp4rature P0tentielle et la pression potentielle de vapeur, le diagramme peut @galement @tre employ6 pour caract6riser le m61ange de masses d'air de pressions diff6rentes.

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Is There the Equatorial Water Mass in the Atlantic Ocean?

Zhurbas,

Lebedev,

Kuzmina

2023

Geophysical Research Letters

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Using temperature and salinity profiles from the Argo data repository, a detailed volumetric temperature‐salinity diagram is compiled for the upper 2,000 m layer of the Atlantic Ocean. It is generally accepted that, unlike the Pacific and Indian Oceans where the Equatorial Water is present, there is no Equatorial Water in the Atlantic Ocean and its place is occupied by the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW). However, the detailed volumetric T‐S diagram shows that the main thermocline in the latitude range of 10°S–10°N is characterized by its own tight T‐S relationship which is relatively close to but clearly distinguishable from the tight T–S relationship of SACW in the latitude range of 10°S–40°S. We argue that the Atlantic Equatorial Water can be considered as a separate water mass which is probably formed by isopycnal mixing of SACW and the North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) in proportion approx. 3.5:1.

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Temperature Variations in a Norwegian Fiord

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Life Support in High Age

Life Support in High Age

The taylor diagram (temperature against vapor pressure) for air mixtures

Is There the Equatorial Water Mass in the Atlantic Ocean?

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