“…The effects of particulate matter on air quality, visibility, human health and global climate change have been widely documented ( Bodor et al., 2020 ; Kgabi and Mokgwetsi, 2009 ; Wang et al., 2019 ; Gasparac et al., 2020 ). High concentrations of PM in the ambient environment are associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and mortality ( Wang et al., 2019 ) and effects on the ecosystem (acidification and eutrophication) ( Gasparac et al., 2020 ). This also affects various meteorological processes such as radiation, cloud formation ( Gasparac et al., 2020 ), precipitation and regional climate by altering the nucleus and energy balance ( Tu et al., 2019 ).…”