Temporal distribution and behaviour of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of the Kani Tribe settlements in the Western Ghats, India

Srinivasan, R.; Jambulingam, P.; Kumar, N. Pradeep; Selvakumar, M. Martin; Edwin, B.; Kumar, T Dilip

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.04.015

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…64 Meanwhile, in the other study, some data regarding wall features were missing, but despite this, house floor dampness to touch was a strong risk factor in the multivariate analysis. 62 Floor dampness was identified in three studies as a major independent risk factor 41,42,62 ; the distribution and abundance of sand flies has been studied and attributed to environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, and humidity, 31,65 which correlates with our findings, showing that houses with damp floors could provide the adequate needs for the vector survival.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The systematic search identified 103 studies after removing duplicates; 37 met inclusion criteria and were assessed for eligibility. Six studies were excluded, two of the six included housing features as part of an index and did not describe independent housing characteristics, 29,30 three of the six commented on housing features only in the discussion, [31][32][33] and only one described housing conditions as a possible intervention, 34 leaving 31 studies for the qualitative synthesis ( Figure 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…49,52,53,57 Mud walls can also retain moisture for prolonged periods after the rainy season, providing temperature and humidity favorable for sand fly presence. 31,58,59 Despite finding 15 studies that identified wall type/quality associated with leishmaniasis, five studies did not, three of five identified "sleeping outside" or "nocturnal outside activities" as risk factors. [60][61][62] Taking into account the nocturnal biting habits of the sand flies, 63 this could explain why the housing characteristics in this communities did not represent a major risk, highlighting the importance of sleeping habits along with the avoidance of outdoor evening activities and outdoor biting.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Housing Characteristics and Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review

Calderón-Anyosa

Galvez-Petzoldt

García

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Leishmaniasis is a major neglected tropical disease associated with high rates of disability and death. This disease is associated with poverty, which can be reflected in housing quality, especially in rural areas. This systematic review found that mud walls with cracks and holes, damp, and dark houses were risk factors for transmission of leishmaniasis. These characteristics create favorable conditions for sand fly breeding and resting as sand flies prefer humidity, warmth, and protection from sunlight during the day. Housing interventions might be a promising research area with a special focus on education as individual and collective protection for the effective control of leishmaniasis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Housing Characteristics and Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review

Calderón-Anyosa

Galvez-Petzoldt

García

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Animal shelters are typical aggregation sites for Lu. longipalpis and for more exophagic / exophilic sand fly vectors of other Leishmania species in the Old and New World [14,24,[56][57][58]. The sex-aggregation pheromone naturally released by male Lu.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community deployment of a synthetic pheromone of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis co-located with insecticide reduces vector abundance in treated and neighbouring untreated houses: Implications for control of Leishmania infantum

et al. 2021

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Background The rising incidence of visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum requires novel methods to control transmission by the sand fly vector. Indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS) against these largely exophilic / exophagic vectors may not be the most effective method. A synthetic copy of the male sex-aggregation pheromone of the key vector species Lutzomyia longipalpis in the Americas, was co-located with residual pyrethroid insecticide, and tested for its effects on vector abundance, hence potential transmission, in a Brazilian community study. Methods Houses within eight defined semi-urban blocks in an endemic municipality in Brazil were randomised to synthetic pheromone + insecticide or to placebo treatments. A similar number of houses located >100m from each block were placebo treated and considered as “True Controls” (thus, analysed as three trial arms). Insecticide was sprayed on a 2.6m2 surface area of the property boundary or outbuilding wall, co-located within one metre of 50mg synthetic pheromone in controlled-release dispensers. Vector numbers captured in nearby CDC light traps were recorded at monthly intervals over 3 months post intervention. Recruited sentinel houses under True Control and pheromone + insecticide treatments were similarly monitored at 7–9 day intervals. The intervention effects were estimated by mixed effects negative binomial models compared to the True Control group. Results Dose-response field assays using 50mg of the synthetic pheromone captured a mean 4.8 (95% C.L.: 3.91, 5.80) to 6.3 (95% C.L.: 3.24, 12.11) times more vectors (female Lu. longipalpis) than using 10mg of synthetic pheromone. The intervention reduced household female vector abundance by 59% (C.L.: 48.7, 66.7%) (IRR = 0.41) estimated by the cross-sectional community study, and by 70% (C.L.: 56.7%, 78.8%) estimated by the longitudinal sentinel study. Similar reductions in male Lu. longipalpis were observed. Beneficial spill-over intervention effects were also observed at nearby untreated households with a mean reduction of 24% (95% C.L.: 0.050%, 39.8%) in female vectors. The spill-over effect in untreated houses was 44% (95% C.L.: 29.7%, 56.1%) as effective as the intervention in pheromone-treated houses. Ownership of chickens increased the intervention effects in both treated and untreated houses, attributed to the suspected synergistic attraction of the synthetic pheromone and chicken kairomones. The variation in IRR between study blocks was not associated with inter-household distances, household densities, or coverage (proportion of total households treated). Conclusions The study confirms the entomological efficacy of the lure-and-kill method to reduce the abundance of this important sand fly vector in treated and untreated homesteads. The outcomes were achieved by low coverage and using only 1–2% of the quantity of insecticide as normally required for IRS, indicating the potential cost-effectiveness of this method. Implications for programmatic deployment of this vector control method are discussed.

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“…Therefore, STSM studies the patterns of rainfall series which are not spatially distributed. These temporal patterns are measured by several methods [62]. 015 Considering the effects of temporal patterns on rainfalls series, two seasonal statistics of trended and non-trended rainfall indices were studied [26,38].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial-temporal Variability of Seasonal Precipitation in Iran

Javari¹

2016

TOASCJ

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Spatial-seasonal variability and temporal trends has essential importance to climatic prediction and analysis. The aim of this research is the seasonal variations and temporal trends in the Iran were predicted by using rainfall series. The exploratoryconfirmatory method, and seasonal time series procedure (STSP), temporal trend (TT), seasonal least squares (SLS) and spatial (GIS) methods (STSP¬-SLS-GIS) were employed to bring to light rainfall spatial-seasonal variability and temporal trends (SSVTT). To explore the spatial-seasonal variability and temporal trends during the period over 1975 to 2014 at 140 stations. To investigate the spatial-seasonal variability and temporal trends amount of each series was studied using ArcGIS 10.3 on different time scale. New climatic findings for the region: the investigates and predictions revealed that: (a) range of monthly and seasonal changes of rainfall tends to be highest (increasing trend) during winter (Winter Seasonal Index or WUSI=137.83 mm); (b) lowest (decreasing trend) during summer (Summer Seasonal Index or SUSI=20.8l mm) and (c) the coefficient of rainfall seasonal pattern variations in winter to 5.94 mm, in spring to 11.13 mm, in summer to 4.44 mm and in autumn to 8.05 mm with seasonality being the most effective of all. Mean annual rainfall changed from 51.45 mm (at Bafgh) to 1834.9 mm (at Bandar Anzali). Maximum decrease in annual rainfall was obtained at Miandeh Jiroft (-143.83%) and minimum at Abali (-0.013%) station. The most apparent year of variation was 2007 in annual rainfall.

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Temporal distribution and behaviour of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus of the Kani Tribe settlements in the Western Ghats, India

Cited by 18 publications

References 30 publications

Housing Characteristics and Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review

Housing Characteristics and Leishmaniasis: A Systematic Review

Community deployment of a synthetic pheromone of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis co-located with insecticide reduces vector abundance in treated and neighbouring untreated houses: Implications for control of Leishmania infantum

Spatial-temporal Variability of Seasonal Precipitation in Iran

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