Temporal stability of parent-reported behavior problems in late talkers over 2 years: a prospective case-control study from toddlerhood to preschool age

Abstract

Background Late talking (LT) in toddlers is a risk factor for language weakness that may interfere with the development of using language to regulate behavior and emotion and contribute to the development of behavior problems from early childhood. This study examined the temporal stability of parent-reported behavior problems among Mandarin-speaking LT toddlers from ages 2 to 4 in Taiwan. Methods Thirty-one LT and 31 typical language development (TLD) toddlers were assessed for their vocabulary production at age 2 with the Words and Sentences Forms of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Developmental Inventories Toddler Form (Taiwan version). Additionally, participants’ receptive and expressive language abilities were assessed using the receptive and expressive language subscales of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. At age 4, the Child Language Disorder Scale-Revised was applied and included the two core subtests for auditory comprehension and expressive communication. At ages 2 and 4 years, behavior problems were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist. Results There was a higher percentage of participants with persistent behavior problems among LT toddlers than among TLD toddlers. Moreover, toddlers with larger vocabularies were less likely to develop withdrawal behaviors by preschool age. Conclusions This study supported the temporal stability of parent-reported behavior problems among LT toddlers across early childhood. Early identification of and intervention for behavior problems associated with LT in toddlerhood is essential to alleviate their behavior problems later in preschool years.

Targeting ferroptosis as a promising therapeutic strategy to treat cardiomyopathy

“…Britanin (3) is a potent inducer of Nrf2 (Wu et al, 2017). 3 exert cardioprotective effect against IR-mediated damage through inhibiting ferroptosis by activation of the AMPK/GSK3β/Nrf2 signalling thereby upregulating GPX4 (Lu et al, 2022). Etomidate (4) is an ultrashort-acting, non-barbiturate hypnotic intravenous (Lv et al, 2021).…”

“…Icariin (1) ( Liu X. et al, 2021 ), xanthohumol (2) ( Lin et al, 2022 ), britanin (3) ( Lu et al, 2022 ), etomidate (4) ( Lv et al, 2021 ),GAA (5) ( Lin et al, 2021 ),dexmedetomidine (6) ( Wang H. et al, 2022 ), sulforaphane (7) ( Tian Y. et al, 2021 ), naringenin (8) ( Xu et al, 2021 ), C3G (9) ( Shan X. et al, 2021 ), resveratrol (10) ( Xu et al, 2019 ; Li D. et al, 2022 ) , 5-aza-CdR (11) ( Li W. et al, 2021 ), ferulic acid (12) ( Liu XJ. et al, 2021 ), PDA NPs (13) ( Zhang H. et al, 2021 ), atorvastatin (14) ( Peng et al, 2022 ), baicalin (15) ( Fan et al, 2021 ), and ponatinib + deferoxamine (16) ( Tu et al, 2021 ) alleviate ICM through inhibiting ferroptosis ( Table 1 ).…”