Ten Genetic Loci in the Chicken That Contain Structural Genes for Endogenous Avian Leukosis Viruses

Astrin, Susan M.; Robinson, H L; Crittenden, L. B.; Buss, E. G.; Wyban, J; Hayward, William S.

doi:10.1101/sqb.1980.044.01.119

Cited by 64 publications

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“…The application of restriction enzyme mapping methods to host DNA (Southern, 1975) by Astrin (1978) and Astrin et al (1979) has shown that much of the variation observed is due to the location of endogenous viral genes at different genetic loci in the host genome; thus, structural gene variation accounts for much of the segregation observed.…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four others are recognised by genetic analysis of restriction enzyme patterns but control no recognised viral phenotype (Astrin et al, 1979;E.J. Smith, unpublished).…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exogenous viruses might have evolved from endogenous viruses or endogenous viral genes. However, some species of jungle fowl and closely related pheasants and turkeys completely lack endogenous viral genes (Frisby et al, 1979), and chickens can be selected to be free of them and function normally (Astrin et al, 1979). It is probable, therefore, that exogenous proviruses have become integrated in the chicken germline to form ev loci.…”

Section: Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exogenous and endogenous leukosis virus genes ‐ A review

1981

Avian Pathology

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SUMMARYLymphoid leukosis is induced by exogenous retroviruses (LLV) that replicate via a DNA intermediate that is integrated into host somatic cell DNA. Variation in endogenous LLV expression is largely controlled by location of DNA proviruses integrated in the host germ-line and inherited as Mendelian genes. Present evidence suggests that endogenous viral genes (ev loci) arose from germ-line integration of exogenous LLVs and that those integrated ev loci expressing high levels of virus are at a selective disadvantage. Exogenous LLV infection leads not only to development of LL in some chickens but also to reduced productivity of layers. Results of preliminary experiments suggest that variation in ev locus expression influences non-oncogenic pathology and immune response after infection with an LLV known to be structurally related to ev loci. The effect of these loci on response to infection by unrelated micro organisms and on productivity should now be studied to determine whether the breeder should be concerned with these genes.

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Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four others are recognised by genetic analysis of restriction enzyme patterns but control no recognised viral phenotype (Astrin et al, 1979;E.J. Smith, unpublished).…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exogenous and endogenous leukosis virus genes ‐ A review

1981

Avian Pathology

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“…Endogenous retroviruses have been detected in a large number of animal species and have been particularly well studied in the domestic chicken, Gallus gallus, where some 20 different loci (ev loci) have been defined (Astrin, 1978;Astrin et al, 1980; Rovigatti & Astrin, 1983; Humphries et al, !984). Individual chickens vary in the numbers and combinations of endogenous viruses integrated in their genomes (Hughes et al, 1981) and it has been possible to establish which ev loci are responsible for particular phenotypes of expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Endogenous Retroviral Envelope Glycoproteins Found in the Sera of ev3 and ev6 Chickens

Hadwiger

1985

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYChicken sera may contain components that immunologically crossreact with avian retroviral glycoprotein. Sera from chickens carrying the endogenous viral loci ev3 and ev6 contain glycoproteins with molecular weights of approx. 85 000, which on the basis of tryptic peptide analysis are related to exogenous viral glycoprotein. Such endogenous viral glycoproteins are present in a free form, lacking disulphide-bonded gp35.Endogenous retroviruses have been detected in a large number of animal species and have been particularly well studied in the domestic chicken, Gallus gallus, where some 20 different loci (ev loci) have been defined (Astrin, 1978;Astrin et al., 1980; Rovigatti & Astrin, 1983; Humphries et al., !984). Individual chickens vary in the numbers and combinations of endogenous viruses integrated in their genomes (Hughes et al., 1981) and it has been possible to establish which ev loci are responsible for particular phenotypes of expression. For example, the presence of endogenous viral glycoproteins in fibroblasts, previously determined in the 'chicken helper factor (chf) assay ' (Hanafusa et al., 1973), results from expression of the ev loci 3, 6 or 9 (Baker et al., 1981 ; Rovigatti & Astrin, 1983).In previous studies, using immunological methods, we demonstrated that material immunologically crossreacting with viral glycoprotein was present in the sera of certain uninfected chickens (Bosch et al., 1978(Bosch et al., , 1983. In the present paper we have characterized the crossreacting antigen in chicken serum in order to establish that it is truly endogenous viral glycoprotein and to determine its molecular nature.Sera from chickens with the following genotypes were employed: ev 1, 2, ev 1, 3, and ev 1, 6 (referred to as ev 2, ev 3 and ev 6 sera). In addition, a serum from a chicken lacking ev loci (Astrin et al., 1979) was employed (ev-). The sera were generously supplied by Dr D. L. Ewert, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.A. Using a radioimmunoassay as described previously (Bosch et al., 1978) employing purified 12Si_gp85 from Prague C Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and anti-Prague B RSV serum it could be established that the sera from the ev 3 and ev 6 animals contained material crossreacting with viral glycoprotein, whereas the sera from the ev 2 and evanimals were completely negative. The ev 3 and ev 6 sera contained approximately equal amounts of crossreacting material, estimated to be 1 to 2 ~tg crossreacting antigen per ml serum.As a first step in characterizing the crossreacting material in serum, different chicken sera were analysed by immunoblotting (Western blotting). In order to increase the sensitivity and reduce the background, aliquots of chicken serum were first immunoprecipitated with an antiserum prepared against Prague B RSV, and the immunoprecipitates were subjected to gel electrophoresis. After electroblotting, the transferred proteins were analysed using an antiserum specific for the viral glycoprotein gp85. In Fig. 1 (a), as a control purified Prague C RSV was electrophor...

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“…, the control of resistance to infection is simply inherited (Crittenden 1975) and endogenous ALV proviruses have been spontaneously inserted into the germ line during the evolution of the chicken (Astrin et al 1979b;Crittenden 1981 (Crittenden 1981). It is clear that …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%