Terminal cationization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brush surfaces facilitates efficient thermoresponsive control of cell adhesion and detachment

Abstract

A variety of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm)-grafted surfaces have been reported for temperature-controlled cell adhesion/detachment. However, the surfaces reported to date need further improvement to achieve good outcomes for both cell adhesion and detachment, which are inherently contradictory behaviors. This study investigated the effects of terminal cationization and length of grafted PIPAAm chains on temperature-dependent cell behavior. PIPAAm brushes with three chain lengths were constructed on glass coverslips via surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Terminal substitution of the grafted PIPAAm chains with either monocationic trimethylammonium or nonionic isopropyl moieties was performed through the reduction of terminal RAFT-related groups and subsequent thiol-ene reaction with the corresponding acrylamide derivatives. Although the thermoresponsive properties of the PIPAAm brush surfaces were scarcely affected by the terminal functional moiety, the zeta potentials of the cationized PIPAAm surfaces were higher than those of the nonionized ones, both below and above the phase transition temperature of PIPAAm (30°C). When bovine endothelial cells were cultured on each surface at 37°C, the number of adherent cells decreased with longer PIPAAm. Notably, cell adhesion on the cationized PIPAAm surfaces was higher than that on the nonionized surfaces. This terminal effect on cell adhesion gradually weakened with increasing PIPAAm length. In particular, long-chain PIPAAm brushes virtually showed cell repellency even at 37°C, regardless of the termini. Interestingly, moderately long-chain PIPAAm brushes promoted cell detachment at 20°C, with negligible terminal electrostatic interruption. Consequently, both cell adhesion and detachment were successfully improved by choosing an appropriate PIPAAm length with terminal cationization.

Recent Advances in Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels and Derivatives as Promising Materials for Biomedical and Engineering Emerging Applications

“…Recently, the effects of terminal cationization and length of grafted PNIPAAm chains on temperature‐dependent cell adhesion–deadhesion were investigated. [ 125 ] PNIPAAm brushes with three chain lengths were grafted on glass coverslips via RAFT polymerization surface initiated and terminal substitution with either monocationic trimethylammonium or nonionic isopropyl moieties was performed (Figure 11b). Interestingly, cationized PNIPAAm surfaces showed markedly high cell adhesion compared with nonionized ones.…”

“…Reproduced under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution CC‐BY license. [ 125 ] Copyright 2021, The Authors, published by National Institute for Materials Science in partnership with Taylor & Francis Group.…”

“…Cationized PNIPAAm surfaces showed markedly high cell adhesion compared with nonionized ones. Reproduced under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY license [125]. Copyright 2021, The Authors, published by National Institute for Materials Science in partnership with Taylor & Francis Group.…”

Design of biointerfaces composed of soft materials using controlled radical polymerizations

“…54,55 The terminal substitution of grafted polymers obtained by SI-RAFT polymerization has also been reported. 56–58…”

Regulation of stem cell fate and function by using bioactive materials with nanoarchitectonics for regenerative medicine

“…From demands for cell-like high-level functions, there are attempts to create tissue-like organizations from living cells themselves. The methodology for live cell assembly has in fact been developed, as seen in the case of cell sheet technologies [ 110 , 111 ] and LbL live cell assembly [ 112 , 113 ]. It is conceivable to not only organize the cells themselves but also to control the cell fate and function through contacts with external substances and their organized structures.…”