Terrorism and tourism as logical companions

Perceptual Image of Conflict-ridden Destinations: An EEG and Eye Tracker Analysis

“…This finding is in line with many previous research studies mentioned above (Pizam et al, 1997;Sonmez and Graefe, 1998;Pearce, 1998;Mawby, 2000;George, 2003;Beirman, 2003;Lepp and Gibson, 2003;Eitzinger and Wiedemann, 2007;Woosnam et al, 2015). In other words, it can be stated that physical risk may decrease liking and purchase intentions of a destination (Hall, 1994;Hall and O'Sullivan, 1996;Pizam et al, 1997;Richter and Waugh, 1986;Roehl, 1995;Sonmez, 1998c;Neumayer, 2004;Cakmak and Isaac, 2012;Bellhassen et al, 2014). A high level of risk perception even after a reasonable period of tranquillity, between 2009 and 2015, may be attributed to cultural characteristics.…”

“…A particular destination may be considered highly risky due to a recent political unrest or a terrorist attack (Sonmez and Graefe, (1998a).The political unrest, conflict, violence and terrorist attacks in a particular destination may have severe impacts on tourism (Hall, 1994;Hall and O'Sullivan, 1996;Pizam et al, 1997;Richter and Waugh, 1986;Roehl, 1995;Sonmez, 1998;Cakmak and Isaac, 2012;Belhassen et al, 2014). Research shows that tourists form images of a destination in their minds based on their perception of risk (Kozak and Kozak, 2008;Björk and Kauppinen-Räisänen, 2012).…”

“…This is due to the fact that tourism decisions involve high level of various types of risks (e.g. physiological, financial, social, psychological and time) (Hall, 1994;Hall and O'Sullivan, 1996;Pizam et al, 1997;Richter and Waugh, 1986;Roehl, 1995;Sonmez, 1998a;Neumayer, 2004;Cakmak and Isaac, 2012;Bellhassen et al, 2014). However, it is interesting to see that in general the fixation periods on verbal cues were relatively high.…”

Understanding barriers to leisure travel: Tourist fears as a marketing basis

“…In particular, younger, better educated and higher earning Japanese with higher confidence levels and communication skills were less prone to alter plans due to perceived fears. A number of articles discuss the interrelation of terrorism and tourism 13,14,15,16 .…”

TerrorScale: A Scale to Measure the Contact of International Tourists with Terrorism

“…In fact, the proliferation of terrorism coincides with a growing number of studies on the topic. The first peak of terrorist incidents was observed in the 1980s (D'Amore & Anuza, 1986;Richter & Waugh, 1986). The Golf War and the possibility of related terrorist attacks have called for renewed research attention.…”