Terrorist attack assessment: Paris November 2015 and Brussels March 2016

Estrada, Mario Arturo Ruiz; Koutronas, Evangelos

doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2016.04.001

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…RMRSs could be required to face localized attacks as well as Complex Coordinated Terrorist Attacks (CCTAs), such as multiple attackers' teams, attack locations, and attack types. RMRSs against CCTAs require a more complex cooperation system between the solutions implemented within the BE, the First Responders, the Security Forces, and the community [54,55].…”

Section: Attack-oriented Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Reduction Strategies against Terrorist Acts in Urban Built Environments: Towards Sustainable and Human-Centred Challenges

et al. 2021

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Terrorist impacts have been increasing over time in many countries, being one of the most significant threats for the Built Environment (BE), intended as a network of open spaces (streets, squares) and facing buildings, and their users. Such risk is affected by a combination of strategic functions and crowd conditions. This work traces, for the first time, the state-of-the-art consolidated Risk Mitigation and Reduction Strategies (RMRSs). Solid RMRS regulatory frameworks from all over the world are collected. The results show how classification criteria distinguish them by attack targets and typologies, effectiveness over time/space, and physical implementation versus management-based deployment. Nevertheless, these criteria seem to be too fragmented, failing in pursuing RMRSs selection in a holistic outlook. Thus, a new classification adopting the BE composing elements (physical elements, layout, access/surveillance systems, safety/security management) as key-factors is provided. Features, dependencies and coordination among them are discussed in a sustainability-based perspective, by showing how the main challenges for RMRSs’ design concern applicability, redundancy, and users’ emergency support. Safety/security management strategies have the overall highest sustainability level and play a pivotal role with respect to the other BE composing elements, which should be planned in reference to them. In addition, a human-centred approach (individuals’ interactions with BEs and RMRSs) will also be needed. These results will support efforts to include simulation-oriented approaches into RMRSs selection, effectiveness and feasibility analyses.

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Section: Attack-oriented Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Reduction Strategies against Terrorist Acts in Urban Built Environments: Towards Sustainable and Human-Centred Challenges

et al. 2021

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“…With over 10 million daily ridership [1], security is critical for the subway system, especially considering the globally increasing terrorist activities and violent crime incidents targeting subway systems [2]. Some recent events include the 1980 Bologna railway station bombing, 1987 Barcelona parking lot bombing, the 1998 Omagh car bombing, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, the 2005 London underground and bus bombings, the 2011 Oslo bombings, and the 2016 Brussels subway station bombing [3,4]. Globally, eight subway bombings have occurred leading to nearly 90 deaths since 2010 [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization Design of X-ray Conveyer Belt Length for Subway Security Check Systems in Beijing, China

et al. 2020

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The frequent terrorist attacks in subways has dramatically increased the necessity and importance of security check systems (SCSs). The implementation of a SCS in China has successfully eliminated lots of potential safety hazards. However, the excessive waiting time due to the SCS is also an issue. SCS efficiency is greatly affected by the length of the conveyer belt of the X-ray machine (CBXM). A scheme for optimizing the CBXM length to accommodate different passenger flows is proposed in this paper. A modeling framework is developed for associating the CBXM length with the queuing waiting time based on a M/M/1/N queuing model. The optimal scheme of CBXM length calculated from the model demonstrates that the passenger queuing time is saved by 15.7%, 16.0%, and 23.3% with the passenger arrival rate of 4000, 5000, and 6000, respectively, greatly reducing queuing crowdedness. The scheme can be used to select X-ray machines for subway stations by their passenger arrival rates. In addition, the findings of this paper could be a crucial supplement and perfect the design code of subway SCSs.

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“…Em Paris, entre os dias 13 e 14 de novembro de 2015, ocorreram oito sucessivos ataques, matando centenas de pessoas e deixando mais de 350 feridas (Estrada & Koutronas, 2016). Segundo Nevalsky (2015), o acontecido, intitulado pelos canais de comunicação como "noite de terror", foi relacionado ao Estado Islâmico -EI (antigo ISIS -Islamic State of Iraq and Syria).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…O país vem sofrendo sucessivos ataques do radicalismo islâmico, sobretudo a partir de 2015, ano em que foram mortas 149 pessoas e outras centenas ficaram feridas, além das tentativas de ações frustradas pelo serviço de inteligência do país (Estrada & Koutronas, 2016). Estes atentados são justificados pela discriminação e exclusão social ao grande número de moradores de comunidade muçulmana no país (Bozzoli & Muller, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Alguns participantes afirmaram "no dia seguinte eles fizeram questão de sair, ir para os cafés e mostrar que os extremistas muçulmanos não iriam conseguir disseminar o terror entre os franceses". A partir deste e outros fragmentos trazidos na seção anterior, se percebe o despertar de um sentimento nacionalista(Estrada & Koutronas, 2016), de não se conformar com os ataques, estas reações foram identificadas em nove (64%) dos questionários Samitas et al, 2018)…”

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Noite de terror na cidade luz: os atos terroristas em Paris e a avaliação da imagem de destino por turistas brasileiros

Ferreira

Graciano

Leal

et al. 2019

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O terrorismo contemporâneo pode ser considerado um dos males do século XXI e suas ações têm atingido um número cada vez maior de alvos não combatentes. Os grupos extremistas estão à procura de lugares com grande circulação de pessoas como pontos turísticos para realizar os seus ataques. Os atentados almejam alcançar um maior número de kafirs, termo para definir os incrédulos ou infiéis da doutrina islâmica, ou obter uma maior atenção da mídia. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou entender como turistas brasileiros, que estavam em Paris, percebem a interferência da noite dos atentados em 13 e 14 de novembro de 2015 na imagem turística da cidade. A investigação foi qualitativa exploratória com a triangulação dos dados: pesquisa documental, questionários abertos e depoimentos em vídeos, com o uso da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados mostram um impacto mediano na atividade turística, porém pouco importante na imagem da cidade de Paris nos meses subsequentes aos atentados, sendo o fluxo de visitantes reestabelecido em curto prazo. A relevância primordial deste artigo foi compreender o impacto na demanda turística pós-atentados terroristas a partir da percepção dos turistas sob a imagem do destino.

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Terrorist attack assessment: Paris November 2015 and Brussels March 2016

Cited by 33 publications

References 38 publications

Risk Reduction Strategies against Terrorist Acts in Urban Built Environments: Towards Sustainable and Human-Centred Challenges

Risk Reduction Strategies against Terrorist Acts in Urban Built Environments: Towards Sustainable and Human-Centred Challenges

Optimization Design of X-ray Conveyer Belt Length for Subway Security Check Systems in Beijing, China

Noite de terror na cidade luz: os atos terroristas em Paris e a avaliação da imagem de destino por turistas brasileiros

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