In a three-year longitudinal study 471 children were classified, based on their performances on arithmetic tests in first and second grade, as having persistent arithmetic disabilities (AD), persistent low achieving (LA), persistent typical achieving, inconsistent arithmetic disabilities (DF1) or inconsistent low achieving in arithmetic. Significant differences in the performances on the magnitude comparison in kindergarten (at age 5 to 6) were found between the AD and LA and between the AD and DF1 groups. Evidence from a three year longitudinal study on the role of preparatory arithmetic abilities