Test–Retest Reliability of a Functional Reaction Time Assessment Battery

Lynall, Robert C.; Johnson, Ross G.; Lempke, Landon B.; Schmidt, Julianne D.

doi:10.1123/jsr.2021-0021

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Further testing of the DTS reliability on older adults is needed. In addition, our ICC values corroborate ICC values by Lynall and coworkers who reported ICC range from 0.77 to 0.87 [ 53 ]. Despite the variance and outliers, the DTS protocol can be considered a reliable measure using IMU sensors in out-of-laboratory environments.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Previous research using visual stimuli RT assessments is mixed, with some findings supporting increased RT in males [ 51 ] and others finding females faster in a stick drop test [ 52 ]. Since our question was not focused on gender differences, this study was designed in line with Lynall and coworkers [ 53 ], who also compared multiple reaction-time tests, one of which was the drop-stick, but who did not specifically compare gender differences as the focus of that study was also on the reliability of different RT tests. Further testing of the DTS reliability on older adults is needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability and Validity of Inertial Sensor Assisted Reaction Time Measurement Tools among Healthy Young Adults

Harper

Shiraishi

Soangra

2022

Sensors

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The assessment of movement reaction time (RT) as a sideline assessment is a valuable biomarker for mild TBI or concussion. However, such assessments require controlled laboratory environments, which may not be feasible for sideline testing during a game. Body-worn wearable devices are advantageous as being cost-effective, easy to don and use, wirelessly transmit data, and ensure unhindered movement performance. This study aimed to develop a Drop-stick Test System (DTS) with a wireless inertial sensor and confirm its reliability for different standing conditions (Foam versus No Foam) and task types (Single versus Dual), and postures (Standing versus sitting). Fourteen healthy young participants (seven females, seven males; age 24.7 ± 2.6 years) participated in this study. The participants were asked to catch a falling stick attached to the sensor during a drop test. Reaction Times (RTs) were calculated from data for each trial from DTS and laboratory camera system (gold standard). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 3,k) were computed to determine inter-instrument reliability. The RT measurements from participants using the camera system and sensor-based DTS showed moderate to good inter-instrument reliability with an overall ICC of 0.82 (95% CI 0.78–0.85). Bland–Altman plots and 95% levels of agreement revealed a bias where the DTS underestimated RT by approximately 50 ms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and Validity of Inertial Sensor Assisted Reaction Time Measurement Tools among Healthy Young Adults

Harper

Shiraishi

Soangra

2022

Sensors

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“…19 Cutting trials were intended to emulate sport-like functional movement. 9,13 Although the tasks were anticipated to increase and challenge unique cognitive-motor functions, the StART exploratory factor model indicated the tasks may better match underlying latent categories of cutting, static dual-task, and static singletask performance. All 6 StART assessments did adequately load into the model, suggesting that they each may be valuable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The video frame rate (240 Hz) was equivalent to or faster than gold standard motion capture cameras and allowed for high fidelity movement detection. 9,13 An LED penlight tip was placed in the camera frame and provided a time-synchronized and realtime visual marker for reaction time initiation. Studentathletes were told to "get set" for all StART trials, and then, randomly, the penlight was illuminated 2 to 10 seconds after, and participants initiated and completed the movement as fast as possible after illumination.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinicians and researchers have created numerous methods to measure reaction time postconcussion. 6,[9][10][11] Among sports medicine clinicians, reaction time is primarily examined through computerized neurocognitive assessments 6,12 or the clinical reaction time test (ie, rod-embedded hockey puck dropped and caught). 7,10 However, neither measure assesses whole-body functional movement reaction time (ie, center of mass moving during jumping or cutting in response to stimulus) 13,14 that may better emulate sport demands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship and Latent Factors Between Clinical Concussion Assessments and the Functional Standardized Assessment of Reaction Time (StART)

Lempke

Passalugo

Baranker

et al. 2022

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine

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Objective:To examine the relationships and latent factors within the Standardized Assessment of Reaction Time (StART), and between StART and current clinical assessments.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Clinical medicine facility.Participants:Eighty-nine healthy collegiate student-athletes (63% male, age: 19.5 ± 0.9 years, 28% ≥1 concussion history).Assessment of Risk Factors:Student-athletes completed StART and clinical assessments during preinjury testing.Main Outcome Measures:Standardized Assessment of Reaction Time consisted of 3 conditions (standing, single-leg balance, cutting) under 2 cognitive states (single task and dual task) for 3 trials each condition. Clinical assessments were the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) symptom checklist, Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC), tandem gait (single task and dual task), and Immediate PostConcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT). We used Pearson-r correlation coefficients and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to examine relationships and latent factors between StART and clinical assessments.Results:Null to moderate correlations presented among the StART outcomes (r range: 0.06-0.70), and null to small correlations between StART and clinical assessments (r range: −0.16 to 0.34). The three-factor EFA for solely StART explained 70.6% total variance: functional movement (cutting), static dual-task (standing and single-leg balance), and static single task (standing and single-leg balance). The five-factor EFA for StART and clinical assessments explained 65.8% total variance: gait (single-task and dual-task tandem gait), functional movement (StART single-task and dual-task cutting), static dual-task (StART standing, single-leg balance), neurocognitive (ImPACT verbal memory, visual memory, visual-motor speed), and static single task (StART standing, single-leg balance). No other outcomes met the factor loading threshold.Conclusions:StART displayed 3 distinct categories and had minimal redundancy within its subtests. StART did not meaningfully correlate with clinical assessments, suggesting that StART provides unique information by examining more functional, reactive movement.

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Single-Leg Hop Stabilization Throughout Concussion Recovery: A Preliminary Biomechanical Assessment

Lempke

Hoch

Call

et al. 2023

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation

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Context: Aberrant movement patterns among individuals with concussion history have been reported during sport-related movement. However, the acute postconcussion kinematic and kinetic biomechanical movement patterns during a rapid acceleration–deceleration task have not been profiled and leaves their progressive trajectory unknown. Our study aimed to examine single-leg hop stabilization kinematics and kinetics between concussed and healthy-matched controls acutely (≤7 d) and when asymptomatic (≤72 h of symptom resolution). Design: Prospective, cohort laboratory study. Methods: Ten concussed (60% male; 19.2 [0.9] y; 178.7 [14.0] cm; 71.3 [18.0] kg) and 10 matched controls (60% male; 19.5 [1.2] y; 176.1 [12.6] cm; 71.0 [17.0] kg) completed the single-leg hop stabilization task under single and dual task (subtracting by 6’s or 7’s) at both time points. Participants stood on a 30-cm tall box set 50% of their height behind force plates while in an athletic stance. A synchronized light was illuminated randomly, queuing participants to initiate the movement as rapidly as possible. Participants then jumped forward, landed on their nondominant leg, and were instructed to reach and maintain stabilization as fast as possible upon ground contact. We used 2 (group) × 2 (time) mixed-model analyses of variance to compare single-leg hop stabilization outcomes separately during single and dual task. Results: We observed a significant main group effect for single-task ankle plantarflexion moment, with greater normalized torque (mean difference = 0.03 N·m/body weight; P = .048, g = 1.18) for concussed individuals across time points. A significant interaction effect for single-task reaction time indicated that concussed individuals had slower performance acutely relative to asymptomatic (mean difference = 0.09 s; P = .015, g = 0.64), while control group performance was stable. No other main or interaction effects for single-leg hop stabilization task metrics were present during single and dual task (P ≥ .051). Conclusions: Greater ankle plantarflexion torque coupled with slower reaction time may indicate stiff, conservative single-leg hop stabilization performance acutely following concussion. Our findings shed preliminary light on the recovery trajectories of biomechanical alterations following concussion and provide specific kinematic and kinetic focal points for future research.

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Test–Retest Reliability of a Functional Reaction Time Assessment Battery

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

Reliability and Validity of Inertial Sensor Assisted Reaction Time Measurement Tools among Healthy Young Adults

Reliability and Validity of Inertial Sensor Assisted Reaction Time Measurement Tools among Healthy Young Adults

Relationship and Latent Factors Between Clinical Concussion Assessments and the Functional Standardized Assessment of Reaction Time (StART)

Single-Leg Hop Stabilization Throughout Concussion Recovery: A Preliminary Biomechanical Assessment

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