Test–Retest Reliability of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Activation for a Vergence Eye Movement Task

Morales, Cristián; Gohel, Suril; Li, Xiaobo; Scheiman, Mitchell; Biswal, Bharat B.; Santos, Elio M.; Yaramothu, Chang; Alvarez, Tara L.

doi:10.1007/s12264-019-00455-9

Cited by 12 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…The MNI coordinate of the most significant T value was extracted and a 5 mm radius sphere consisting of 81 voxels was created around this peak voxel coordinate using the MarsBaR MATLAB toolbox as part of SPM 77 . Our prior studies showed that the 5 mm radius sphere produced the highest intraclass correlation coefficients within our repeatability studies 67 , 68 and has been used in a prior oculomotor fMRI investigation 78 . Additionally, the mean beta weights from 3 and 7 mm radius spheres consisting of 19 and 179 voxels, respectively were also computed for comparison to the 5 mm radius sphere results.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…The fast and slow fusional vergence systems were studied using functional imaging employing established methods published by our group using these exact protocols 67 , 68 . The visual stimuli are different compared to the behavioral studied performed in the laboratory because of the physical constraints of the magnet.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The change in disparity was 6∆ base-out, which was analogous to the 6∆ base-out prism used in the behavioral experiment. Both the fast and slow fusional vergence fMRI experimental protocols were found to be repeatable by studying BNC participants to determine how well the visual stimuli protocol elicited reliable activation within the vergence neural substrates on different days 67 , 68 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Underlying neurological mechanisms associated with symptomatic convergence insufficiency

Alvarez

Scheiman

Morales

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Convergence insufficiency (CI) is the most common binocular vision problem, associated with blurred/double vision, headaches, and sore eyes that are exacerbated when doing prolonged near work, such as reading. The Convergence Insufficiency Neuro-mechanism Adult Population Study (NCT03593031) investigates the mechanistic neural differences between 50 binocularly normal controls (BNC) and 50 symptomatic CI participants by examining the fast and slow fusional disparity vergence systems. The fast fusional system is preprogrammed and is assessed with convergence peak velocity. The slow fusional system optimizes vergence effort and is assessed by measuring the phoria adaptation magnitude and rate. For the fast fusional system, significant differences are observed between the BNC and CI groups for convergence peak velocity, final position amplitude, and functional imaging activity within the secondary visual cortex, right cuneus, and oculomotor vermis. For the slow fusional system, the phoria adaptation magnitude and rate, and the medial cuneus functional activity, are significantly different between the groups. Significant correlations are observed between vergence peak velocity and right cuneus functional activity (p = 0.002) and the rate of phoria adaptation and medial cuneus functional activity (p = 0.02). These results map the brain-behavior of vergence. Future therapeutic interventions may consider implementing procedures that increase cuneus activity for this debilitating disorder.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Underlying neurological mechanisms associated with symptomatic convergence insufficiency

Alvarez

Scheiman

Morales

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…The visual task of sustained near crossed and far uncrossed fixation stimulated functional activity within the parietal, frontal, and supplementary eye fields. All of these regions have been reported to be active during vergence eye movements in humans using functional imaging ( Alvarez et al, 2010 ; Jaswal et al., 2014 ; Morales et al, 2020 ). The frontal, parietal, and supplementary eye fields are also stimulated during visual attention tasks specifically within the frontoparietal network from electrophysiology studies of primates ( da Silva et al, 2020 ; Thiele, Brandt, Dasilva, Gotthardt, Chicharro, Panzeri, & Distler, 2016 ; Wardak, Olivier, & Duhamel, 2011 ) and functional imaging on humans ( Beauchamp, Petit, Ellmore, Ingeholm, & Haxby, 2001 ; Meehan, Bressler, Tang, Astafiev, Sylvester, Shulman, & Corbetta, 2017 ; Meyer, Du, Parks, & Hopfinger, 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To this end, based on previous studies on vergence eye movements, the following neural substrates were identified as regions of interests: frontal eye fields (FEFs), parietal eye fields (PEFs), supplementary eye field (SEF), bilateral cuneus, cerebellar vermis, and the primary visual cortex ( Alvarez, Alkan, Gohel, Douglas Ward, & Biswal, 2010 ; Alvarez, Jaswal, Gohel, & Biswal, 2014 ; Alvarez et al, 2010 ; Jaswal, Gohel, Biswal, & Alvarez, 2014 ; Morales et al, 2020 ). Initially, an ROI mask composed of a 5-mm sphere was created, based on the MNI coordinates identified in our earlier study ( Morales et al, 2020 ). Then, the ROI mask was optimized by selecting the center coordinate as the pixel with the peak intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (see following section) value within each ROI and creating a 5-mm sphere around the pixel with the peak ICC.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test–retest of a phoria adaptation stimulus-induced functional MRI experiment

et al. 2020

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This study was designed to identify the neural substrates activated during a phoria adaptation task using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in young adults with normal binocular vision and to test the repeatability of the fMRI measurements for this protocol. The phoria adaptation task consisted of a block protocol of 90 seconds of near visual crossed fixation followed by 90 seconds of far visual uncrossed fixation, repeated three times; the data were collected during two different experimental sessions. Results showed that the oculomotor vermis, cuneus, and primary visual cortex had the greatest functional activity within the regions of interest studied when stimulated by the phoria adaptation task. The oculomotor vermis functional activity had an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.3, whereas the bilateral cuneus and primary visual cortex had good ICC results of greater than 0.6. These results suggest that the sustained visual fixation task described within this study reliably activates the neural substrates of phoria adaptation. This protocol establishes a methodology that can be used in future longitudinal studies investigating therapeutic interventions that may modify phoria adaptation.

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Functional changes in fusional vergence‐related brain areas and correlation with clinical features in intermittent exotropia using functional magnetic resonance imaging

Zhang

Fei

Wang

et al. 2023

Human Brain Mapping

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To explore the functional changes of the frontal eye field (FEF) and relevant brain regions and its role in the pathogenesis of intermittent exotropia (IXT) children via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty‐four IXT children (mean age, 11.83 ± 1.93 years) and 28 normal control (NC) subjects (mean age, 11.11 ± 1.50 years) were recruited. During fMRI scans, the IXT children and NCs were provided with static visual stimuli (to evoke sensory fusion) and dynamic visual stimuli (to evoke motor fusion and vergence eye movements) with binocular disparity. Brain activation in the relevant brain regions and clinical characteristics were evaluated. Group differences of brain activation and brain‐behavior correlations were investigated. For dynamic and static visual disparity relative to no visual disparity, reduced brain activation in the right FEF and right inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), and increased brain activation in the left middle temporal gyrus complex (MT+) were found in the IXT children compared with NCs. Significant positive correlations between the fusional vergence amplitude and the brain activation values were found in the right FEF, right IPL, and left cerebellum in the NC group. Positive correlations between brain activation values and Newcastle Control Scores (NCS) were found in the left MT+ in the IXT group. For dynamic visual disparity relative to static visual disparity, reduced brain activation in the right middle occipital gyrus, left cerebellum, and bilateral IPL was found in the IXT children compared with NCs. Significant positive correlations between brain activation values and the fusional vergence amplitude were found in the right FEF and right cerebellum in the NC group. Negative correlations between brain activation values and NCS were found in the right middle occipital gyrus, right cerebellum, left IPL, and right FEF in the IXT group. These results suggest that the reduced brain activation in the right FEF, left IPL, and cerebellum may play an important role in the pathogenesis of IXT by influencing fusional vergence function. While the increased brain activation in the left MT+ may compensate for this dysfunction in IXT children.

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Test–Retest Reliability of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Activation for a Vergence Eye Movement Task

Cited by 12 publications

References 98 publications

Underlying neurological mechanisms associated with symptomatic convergence insufficiency

Underlying neurological mechanisms associated with symptomatic convergence insufficiency

Test–retest of a phoria adaptation stimulus-induced functional MRI experiment

Functional changes in fusional vergence‐related brain areas and correlation with clinical features in intermittent exotropia using functional magnetic resonance imaging

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