Testicular Volume Measurements Using Prader Orchidometer Versus Ultrasonography in Patients with Infertility

Sasaki, Hideo; Saito, Katsuyuki; Ogawa, Yoshio; Yoshida, Hideki

doi:10.1016/j.urology.2006.09.013

Cited by 80 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The Prader orchidometer is widely used for the clinical assessment of testicular volume in the doctor’s office because it is practical and less time-consuming than US. However, US is more precise [5,7,12]. The orchidometer measures the epididymis as well as the scrotal skin, and, as a result, it tends to overestimate testicular volume, especially in small testes, in which the epididymis is large in comparison to the total testicular volume.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the highest value of three testicular volumes was taken as the true volume. Earlier studies chose to calculate testicular volume by recording the largest of three measurements for each of the three testicular dimensions [5,7,12,14,20]. Since the testis is an elastic organ, during measurement it might easily become compressed resulting in distorting the shape and dimensions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Normative Values for Testicular Volume Measured by Ultrasonography in a Normal Population from Infancy to Adolescence

Goede¹,

Hack²,

Sijstermans³

et al. 2011

Horm Res Paediatr

145

113

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Background/Aims: We obtained reference data for testicular volume measured by ultrasound in asymptomatic boys aged 0.5–18 years. In addition, we assessed the validity of the Prader orchidometer per age group by correlating it with the volume measurement by ultrasound. Methods: The study only included healthy boys with two scrotal testes at birth and at the time of the examination. For each boy the testicular volume of both testes was measured by ultrasound and the Prader orchidometer. Testicular volumes were measured for boys aged from 1 to 18 years. The boys’ ages were rounded down to the last birthday if it had occurred less than 6 months previously or rounded up to the next birthday if it was going to be within 6 months. Results: The volume measurement by the Prader orchidometer according to reference curves showed a statistically significant correlation. Moreover, the testicular volumes measured by the Prader orchidometer showed an accurate goodness of fit with US measurements (R² = 0.956). Conclusion: Normative values are provided for testicular volume measured by ultrasound in boys aged 0.5–18 years. An accurate correlation was found between volume measurements by ultrasound and by the Prader orchidometer (R² = 0.956). Therefore, volume measurement by the Prader orchidometer, as generally used in the practice by doctors, can be used as a valid parameter for monitoring testicular growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normative Values for Testicular Volume Measured by Ultrasonography in a Normal Population from Infancy to Adolescence

Goede¹,

Hack²,

Sijstermans³

et al. 2011

Horm Res Paediatr

145

113

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The testicular position and size have been determined by ultrasound. The testicular volume was measured by ultrasound (as a more valid and accurate method) and calculated in milliliters, according to the formula: Length × Width × Height × 0.71 [21]. All ultrasounds were performed at the Radiology Department of Necker Children’s University Hospital, by the same experienced radiologist (A.-E.M.), using soft-tissue transducers (Aloka, Hitachi Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and Safety of Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion of Recombinant Human Gonadotropins for Congenital Micropenis during Early Infancy

Stoupa¹,

Samara-Boustani²,

Flechtner³

et al. 2017

Horm Res Paediatr

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Background: Early postnatal administration of gonadotropins to infants with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can mimic minipuberty, thereby increasing penile growth. We assessed the effects of gonadotropin infusion on stretched penile length (SPL) and hormone levels in infants with congenital micropenis. Methods: Single-center study including 6 males with micropenis in case of isolated CHH (n = 4), panhypopituitarism (n = 1), and partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS; n = 1). Patients were evaluated at baseline, monthly and at the end of the study through a clinical examination (SPL, testicular position and size), serum hormone assays (testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH]), and ultrasound of penis/testes. Results: In CHH, significant increases occurred in serum testosterone (from undetectable level to 3.5 ± 4.06 ng/mL [12.15 ± 14.09 nmol/L]), SPL (from 13.8 ± 4.5 to 42.6 ± 5 mm; p < 0.0001), inhibin B (from 94.8 ± 74.9 to 469.4 ± 282.5 pg/mL, p = 0.04), and AMH (from 49.6 ± 30.6 to 142 ± 76.5 ng/mL, p = 0.03). Micropenis was corrected in all patients, except one. On treatment, in the patient with PAIS, SPL was increased from 13 to 38 mm. Conclusions: Early gonadotropin infusion is a safe, well-tolerated and effective treatment. The effect in PAIS has not been reported previously. Long-term follow-up is needed to assess the impact, if any, on future fertility and reproduction.

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“…However, testicular volume was found to widely vary in large-scale studies (right testicular volume: 15.9 AE 4.6 mL, left testicular volume: 15.3 AE 4.6 mL (Ku et al, 2002); right testicular volume: 18.7 AE 5.1 mL, left testicular volume: 18.0 AE 5.0 mL (Sakamoto et al, 2007); total testicular volume: 36.8 AE 9.7 mL (Sakamoto et al, 2008a); right testicular volume: 18.13 AE 3.85 mL, left testicular volume: 18.37 AE 3.62 mL (Bahk et al, 2010)). These findings indicate that adults do not always have similar testicular volumes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult testicular volume

Kim

Yoon

et al. 2014

Andrology

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SUMMARYIt has been suggested that second to fourth digit ratio (digit ratio) may correlate with male reproductive system function or disorders. This hypothesis is based on finding that the Hox genes control finger development and differentiation of the genital bud during embryogenesis. Thus, we investigated the association between digit ratio and adult testicular volume. A total of 172 Korean men (aged 20-69 years) hospitalized for urological surgery were prospectively enrolled. Patients with conditions known to strongly influence testicular volume were excluded. Before determining testicular volume, the lengths of the second and fourth digits of the right hand were measured by a single investigator using a digital vernier calliper. Using orchidometry, the testes were measured by an experienced urologist who had no information about the patient's digit ratio. To identify the independent predictive factors influencing testicular volume, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using linear regression models. Age, height, serum testosterone and free testosterone level were not correlated with testicular volume. Digit ratio, along with weight, was significantly correlated with testicular volume (right testicular volume: r = À0.185, p = 0.015; left testicular volume: r = À0.193, p = 0.011; total testicular volume: r = À0.198, p = 0.009). Multivariate analysis using linear regression models showed that only digit ratio was the independent factor to predict all (right, left and total) testicular volumes (right testicular volume: b = À0.174, p = 0.023; left testicular volume: b = À0.181, p = 0.017; total testicular volume: b = À0.185, p = 0.014). Our findings demonstrated that digit ratio is negatively associated with adult testicular volume. This means that men with a higher digit ratio may be more likely to have smaller testis compared to those with a lower digit ratio.

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Testicular Volume Measurements Using Prader Orchidometer Versus Ultrasonography in Patients with Infertility

Cited by 80 publications

References 17 publications

Normative Values for Testicular Volume Measured by Ultrasonography in a Normal Population from Infancy to Adolescence

Normative Values for Testicular Volume Measured by Ultrasonography in a Normal Population from Infancy to Adolescence

Efficacy and Safety of Continuous Subcutaneous Infusion of Recombinant Human Gonadotropins for Congenital Micropenis during Early Infancy

Second to fourth digit ratio: a predictor of adult testicular volume

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