Testing wastewater from a music festival in Switzerland to assess illicit drug use

Benaglia, Lisa; Udrisard, Robin; Bannwarth, Anne; Gibson, A. Matt; Béen, Frederic; Lai, Foon Yin; Esseiva, Pierre; Delémont, Olivier

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110148

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Additionally, population surveys are expensive and complex to perform ( Hernández et al, 2018 ). The benefits of WBE resulted in the publication of studies in many countries of the world ( Archer et al, 2018 ; Bannwarth et al, 2019 ; Banta-Green et al, 2016 ; Bartelt-Hunt et al, 2009 ; Baz-Lomba et al, 2016 ; Benaglia et al, 2020 ; Boleda et al, 2009 ; Burgard et al, 2019 ; Foppe et al, 2018 ; Kankaanpää et al, 2016 ; Mackulˇak et al, 2014 ; Maldaner et al, 2012 ; Metcalfe et al, 2010 ; van Nuijs et al, 2009b ; Zhang et al, 2019 ; Zuccato et al, 2008 ). In fact, since 2011, the Europe-wide network (Sewage analysis CORe Group Europe (SCORE)) performs the systematic monitoring of consumption biomarkers of four priority drugs (cocaine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine, and methamphetamine) in WWTPs, covering 68 cities from 23 European countries in 2019 ( EMCDDA, 2020 ).…”

Section: Wastewater-based Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Illicit Drug Consumption by Wastewater Analysis Using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler as a Monitoring Tool

2021

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Illicit drug abuse is a worldwide social and health problem, and monitoring illicit drug use is of paramount importance in the context of public policies. It is already known that relevant epidemiologic information can be obtained from the analysis of urban residual waters. This approach, named wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), is based on the measurement of specific markers, resulting from human biotransformation of the target drugs, as indicators of the consumption of the compounds by the population served by the wastewater treatment installation under investigation. Drug consumption estimation based on WBE requires sewage sampling strategies that express the concentrations along the whole time period of time. To this end, the most common approach is the use of automatic composite samplers. However, this active sampling procedure is costly, especially for long-term studies and in limited-resources settings. An alternative, cost-effective, sampling strategy is the use of passive samplers, like the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS). POCIS sampling has already been applied to the estimation of exposure to pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and some drugs of abuse, and some studies evaluated the comparative performances of POCIS and automatic composite samplers. In this context, this manuscript aims to review the most important biomarkers of drugs of abuse consumption in wastewater, the fundamentals of POCIS sampling in WBE, the previous application of POCIS for WBE of drugs of abuse, and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of POCIS sampling, in comparison with other strategies used in WBE. POCIS sampling is an effective strategy to obtain a representative overview of biomarker concentrations in sewage over time, with a small number of analyzed samples, increased detection limits, with lower costs than active sampling. Just a few studies applied POCIS sampling for WBE of drugs of abuse, but the available data support the use of POCIS as a valuable tool for the long-term monitoring of the consumption of certain drugs within a defined population, particularly in limited-resources settings.

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Section: Wastewater-based Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Illicit Drug Consumption by Wastewater Analysis Using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler as a Monitoring Tool

2021

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“…There are studies utilizing WBE to evaluate and determine trends in illicit drugs, alcohol, and nicotine load during different short periods such as festivals and pandemics. Benaglia et al (2020), in their study comparing the Australian festival with the Swiss Festival, reported that the amount of illicit drugs observed by wastewater analysis was consistent with the drug seizure statistics (Benaglia et al 2020). Another study conducted on wastewater collected in 6 festivals in Europe reported that the most frequently detected drugs were cocaine, ecstasy, cannabis, and ketamine (Bijlsma et al 2020).…”

Section: Illicit Drugs During Normal Week and Ramadanmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…WBE has been used to investigate changes in using illicit drugs, alcohol, and nicotine on various occasions (festivals, special events, COVID-19 pandemic period, etc.) (Mackul'ak et al 2015;van Wel et al 2016a;Mackuľak et al 2019;Benaglia et al 2020;Bijlsma et al 2020). In this study, Ramadan, an important month for Muslim communities, was chosen as example.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of changes in illicit drugs, alcohol, and nicotine consumption during Ramadan by wastewater analysis

Güzel

2022

Preprint

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Illicit drug use is a global problem and represents social, economic, and health burden on society. Wastewater-based epidemiology is an approach based on calculating the consumption of substances in the target population by analyzing the concentrations of human metabolic excretion products of licit and illicit substances in wastewater. The relationship between Ramadan and the consumption of illicit drugs, alcohol, and nicotine (cocaine, benzoylecgonine, amphetamine-like stimulants (amphetamine, methamphetamine, extacy (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine)), opiates (morphine and heroine); marijuana (THC-COOH); ethyl sulfate and cotinine) was discussed based on the wastewater analysis results. This study aims to estimate the changes in the consumption of illicit drugs, alcohol, and nicotine in Adana Province during Ramadan as compared to normal periods using wastewater-based epidemiology. An overall decrease was observed fort he Ramadan Period, most strongly for ecstasy (29%) followed by heroin (19%). For cocaine, the variation was slightest (8.6%). For ecstasy, heroin, nicotine, and alcohol the differences were statistically significant but not for cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and marijuana. The study presented firstly data about the number of illicit drug, alcohol and nicotine users during and after Ramadan.

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“…Generally, multiple samples are taken from various urine reservoirs, over a 12-hour period, and then mixed to form pooled urine samples. This sampling method can be applied in cities where stand-alone urinals are routinely used at weekends [19], but can also be used for monitoring specific night time settings or recreational events such as music festivals [20][21][22][23][24]. Sampling urine aliquots from urinals ensures the collection of anonymous and representative samples and results may reflect the direct use of NPS.…”

Section: Sample Collection and Sample Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives and challenges associated with the determination of new psychoactive substances in urine and wastewater – A tutorial

Bijlsma¹,

Bade

Béen

et al. 2021

Analytica Chimica Acta

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New psychoactive substances (NPS), often designed as (legal) substitutes to conventional illicit drugs, are constantly emerging in the drug market and being commercialized in different ways and forms. Their use continues to cause public health problems and is therefore of major concern in many countries. Monitoring NPS use, however, is arduous and different sources of information are required to get more insight of the prevalence and diffusion of NPS use. The determination of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater has shown great potential, adding a different and complementary light on this issue. However, it also presents analytical challenges and limitations that must be taken into account such as the complexity of the matrices, the high sensitivity and selectivity required in the analytical methods as a consequence of the low analyte concentrations as well as the rapid transience of NPS on the drug market creating a scenario with constantly moving analytical targets. Analytical investigation of NPS in pooled urine and wastewater is based on liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry and can follow different strategies: target, suspect and non-target analysis. This work aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different data acquisition workflows and data exploration approaches in mass spectrometry, but also pays attention to new developments such as ion mobility and the use of in-silico prediction tools to improve the identification capabilities in high-complex samples. This tutorial gives an insight into this emerging topic of current concern, and describes the experience gathered within different collaborations and projects supported by key research articles and illustrative practical examples.

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Testing wastewater from a music festival in Switzerland to assess illicit drug use

Cited by 34 publications

References 12 publications

Evaluation of Illicit Drug Consumption by Wastewater Analysis Using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler as a Monitoring Tool

Evaluation of Illicit Drug Consumption by Wastewater Analysis Using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler as a Monitoring Tool

Monitoring of changes in illicit drugs, alcohol, and nicotine consumption during Ramadan by wastewater analysis

Perspectives and challenges associated with the determination of new psychoactive substances in urine and wastewater – A tutorial

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