Testosterone Misuse and Abuse

Iyer, Rakesh; Handelsman, David J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46086-4_19

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…Also consider the misuse of AAS, typically in pursuit of enhanced muscularity for performance and/or appearance purposes (see Cranswick et al, 2020, for an analysis of symbolic connections between muscularity and masculinity in men; for a broader overview of AAS misuse, see Iyer & Handelsman, 2023). AAS misuse has been characterized as an "uncommon but important cause of male infertility" by Whitaker et al (2021, p. 109).…”

Section: Ebaghs and Their Ironic Implications For Men's Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gonadal hormones: The men, the myths, and the legends.

Burris,

Knox

2024

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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Gender is one of the most essentialized social categories, with putative differences between cisgender men and cisgender women often framed in biological terms. We propose that the consequences of inaccurate and widely held essentialist beliefs about gonadal hormones (EBAGHs) in particular-that is, that androgens signify "men" and estrogens signify "not-men"-have yet to be fully appreciated. For example, placebo effects such as increased strength, sexual desire, and irritability have been documented for the androgen testosterone. Accumulating research also suggests that lay understandings exaggerate the causal importance of testosterone in men's aggression. Consequently, testosterone is often either eschewed (i.e., men are "poisoned" by it) or enshrined ("more is good, less is bad"). Moreover, the efficacy-bolstering role of estrogens such as estradiol across the physical, cognitive, and sexual health domains for men has been downplayed or ignored by those who assert pejorative links between estrogen and weakness or effeminacy. Critically, EBAGHs may fuel "hypermasculine" behaviors such as excessive red meat consumption, problematic alcohol intake, and anabolic steroid misuse as well as treatment seeking for "low T" in the absence of proper medical diagnosis-which can all, ironically, result in disrupting men's optimal hormonal balance. Implications of our analysis for research (e.g., EBAGHs as predictors men's health behaviors, use of bogus "hormonal profiles" to induce or assuage threats to masculinity in experimental studies) and interventions (e.g., "hormone education" to offset the adverse effects of EBAGHs) are discussed. Public Significance StatementInaccurate beliefs about gonadal hormones may cause testosterone to be either valued or devalued-and estrogen to be portrayed as the enemy-in men. Such beliefs may contribute to hypermasculine behaviors, poor diet, misguided health care, and other negative outcomes for men. Biologically accurate hormone education may therefore have beneficial consequences for men's self-perception, perception by others, and overall well-being.

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Section: Ebaghs and Their Ironic Implications For Men's Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gonadal hormones: The men, the myths, and the legends.

Burris,

Knox

2024

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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“…Abuse of certain PIEDS, particularly pharmaceutical-grade PIEDS like AAS and hormones, has been linked to an increased risk of death, as well as a slew of other health issues like cardiovascular, psychiatric, metabolic, endocrine, neurological, infectious, hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal problems.Another research displays that the use of PIEDS only for image enhancement has risen to the extent that it currently outnumbers its use for sporting performance or medicinal interventions. The use of PIEDS for body sculpting or other recreational, cosmetic, or occupational purposes is referred to as image enhancing (22,23) . A recent study corroborated that appearance, improved health and dysfunctional body image just as much can motivate athletes to use PIEDS than superior sport performance.Use of AAS can cause mild to serious side effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Ready Are Gym Users to Refrain from Performance-Enhancing Substances? The Transtheoretical Model of Change as a Theoretical Framework

Darjal¹,

Naji²

2022

PJMHS

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Methods: A descriptive predictive correlational design was be used to guide this study.The study included a convenience sample of male gym users who agreed to participate in this study. The study subjects were recruited from six private gyms.The study instrument includes subjects’ sociodemographic characteristics of age, living arrangement, family’s socioeconomic status, the performance-enhancing substances that the gym users use. It also includes the Transtheoretical Model of Change measures of Stages of Change for Performance-Enhancing Substances Scale (Short Form), the Stages of Change for Performance-Enhancing Substances Scale (Continuous Measure), the Processes of Change for Performance-Enhancing Substances Scale, the Self-Efficacy for Performance-Enhancing Substances Scale, the Decisional Balance Scale for Performance-Enhancing Substances. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) for windows, version 28. Results: The study results revealed that around a half are in the Precontemplation Stage of Change, followed by those who are in the Contemplation Stage of Change, those who are in the Action Stage of Change, those who are in the Termination Stage of Change, and those who are in the Preparation Stage of Change. Conclusion: The greater the Pros, the higher the Stages of Change for performance-enhancing substance use the gym user would therein.The greater the Social Liberation, the higher the Stages of Change for performance-enhancing substance use the gym user would therein. The greater the Helping Relationships, the higher the Stages of Change for performance-enhancing substance use the gym user would therein. Keywords: Gym Users; Performance-Enhancing Substances; Transtheoretical Model

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Testosterone Misuse and Abuse

Cited by 2 publications

References 148 publications

Gonadal hormones: The men, the myths, and the legends.

Gonadal hormones: The men, the myths, and the legends.

How Ready Are Gym Users to Refrain from Performance-Enhancing Substances? The Transtheoretical Model of Change as a Theoretical Framework

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