Tetanus toxoid skin test in children: Correlation with in vitro lymphocyte stimulation and monocyte chemotaxis

Borut, Thomas C.; Ank, Bonnie J.; Gard, Sherrie E.; Stiehm, E. Richard

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(80)80010-2

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Previous studies have shown that healthy immunized children and adults have strong tetanus LPA responses [4]. In our group of HIV-1-infected patients, baseline LPA responses were virtually absent.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 41%

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Cellular and humoral immune responses to a tetanus toxoid booster in perinatally HIV-1-infected children and adolescents receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

et al. 2006

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 41%

“…Lymphoproliferative assays (LPA) CIR were evaluated using an LPA method as adapted from Borut et al [4]. Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from fresh heparinized samples.…”

Section: Immunizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and humoral immune responses to a tetanus toxoid booster in perinatally HIV-1-infected children and adolescents receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

et al. 2006

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“…They reported 21 different immunological variables (primarily lymphocyte proliferation and cytokines) and used 14 types of stimulants, resulting in 36 unique combinations. Only one study (by Borut and colleagues 39 ) involved children aged under 5, who made up only a fraction of the total study cohort.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-specific immunological effects of selected routine childhood immunisations: systematic review

Kandasamy

Voysey

McQuaid

et al. 2016

BMJ

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Objective To identify and characterise non-specific immunological effects after routine childhood vaccines against BCG, measles, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus.Design Systematic review of randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies.Data sources Embase, PubMed, Cochrane library, and Trip searched between 1947 and January 2014. Publications submitted by a panel of experts in the specialty were also included.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies All human studies reporting non-specific immunological effects after vaccination with standard childhood immunisations. Studies using recombinant vaccines, no vaccine at all, or reporting only vaccine specific outcomes were excluded. The primary aim was to systematically identify, assemble, and review all available studies and data on the possible non-specific or heterologous immunological effects of BCG; measles; mumps, measles, and rubella (MMR); diphtheria; tetanus; and pertussis vaccines.Results The initial search yielded 11 168 references; 77 manuscripts met the inclusion criteria for data analysis. In most included studies (48%) BCG was the vaccine intervention. The final time point of outcome measurement was primarily performed (70%) between one and 12 months after vaccination. There was a high risk of bias in the included studies, with no single study rated low risk across all assessment criteria. A total of 143 different immunological variables were reported, which, in conjunction with differences in measurement units and summary statistics, created a high number of combinations thus precluding any meta-analysis. Studies that compared BCG vaccinated with unvaccinated groups showed a trend towards increased IFN-γ production in vitro in the vaccinated groups. Increases were also observed for IFN-γ measured after BCG vaccination in response to in vitro stimulation with microbial antigens from Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid, Staphylococcus aureas, lipopolysaccharide, and hepatitis B. Cohort studies of measles vaccination showed an increase in lymphoproliferation to microbial antigens from tetanus toxoid and C albicans. Increases in immunogenicity to heterologous antigens were noted after diphtheria-tetanus (herpes simplex virus and polio antibody titres) and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (pneumococcus serotype 14 and polio neutralising responses) vaccination.Conclusions The papers reporting non-specific immunological effects had heterogeneous study designs and could not be conventionally meta-analysed, providing a low level of evidence quality. Some studies, such as BCG vaccine studies examining in vitro IFN-γ responses and measles vaccine studies examining lymphoproliferation to microbial antigen stimulation, showed a consistent direction of effect suggestive of non-specific immunological effects. The quality of the evidence, however, does not provide confidence in the nature, magnitude, or timing of non-specific immunological effects after vaccination with BCG, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, or measles containing vaccines nor the ...

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“…A possible explanation is inadequate prior exposure to microbial antigens. Several studies have investigated CMI response through DTH using antigens for which there is a known exposure because of immunization or culture confirmation (Franz et al, 1976;Russell and Lay, 1973;Borut et al, 1980). These studies have confirmed that in a healthy population, even infants exhibit positive DTH responses.…”

Section: Infectionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Cell‐mediated immunocompetence among nomadic Turkana children

Shell‐Duncan

1993

American J Hum Biol

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Cell-mediated immune function is readily impaired by nutritional and disease stress, while depressed cellular immunity, in turn, increases an individual's susceptibility to infection. The measurement of cellular immunity through delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing can provide important prognostic information, including the prediction of future health and survival, and can easily be performed in nonclinical settings. In a sample of 64 nomadic Turkana children, DTH response was measured seasonally by the simultaneous application of five standardized recall antigens and a glycerin control (Multiest CMI®). Reactivity, measured by mm of induration, varied substantially by antigen, with tuberculin eliciting the strongest response. However, the majority of children (56.2%) were nonreactive to all administered test antigens, indicating a level of anergy significantly higher than that found in U.S. and Peruvian juvenile populations. DTH response did not vary by sex or age of the subject. In addition, immunocompetence did not fluctuate seasonally. These results suggest that the level of immunosuppression found among Turkana children is extremely high, and may be an important determinant of the high rates of morbidity and mortality found in this population. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Tetanus toxoid skin test in children: Correlation with in vitro lymphocyte stimulation and monocyte chemotaxis

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Cellular and humoral immune responses to a tetanus toxoid booster in perinatally HIV-1-infected children and adolescents receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Cellular and humoral immune responses to a tetanus toxoid booster in perinatally HIV-1-infected children and adolescents receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Non-specific immunological effects of selected routine childhood immunisations: systematic review

Cell‐mediated immunocompetence among nomadic Turkana children

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