Tetragonal SnO₂ Nanoparticles: An Efficient Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Hazardous Ionic Dyes

Abstract

An elegant approach was made to synthesize tetragonal shape SnO2 nanoparticles using solution combustion method and subjected to various characterization (X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV‐Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐DRS), Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Raman spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherms (BET), liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LCMS). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential (ZP), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐rays analysis (EDAX), and High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)). Further, the as‐synthesized SnO2 nanoparticles were used for the degradation study of hazardous ionic dyes like cationic dye Malachite green (MG) and anionic dye Rose Bengal (RB), as well as its binary mixture (MG+RB) under the sunlight. Overall, it was observed that MG and RB degraded 100 % (80 min) and 99 % (90 min), while the mixture of (MG+RB) showed 97.5 % (140 min), respectively. Overall study shows that the degradation rate of MG in a mixture of both the dyes was higher than RB due to a positively charged surface. The time taken for degradation MG was 10 min less than that of RB. The fast degradation of MG was due to the cationic nature having a positive charge over the surface with the negatively charged surface of SnO2 nanoparticles, which is entirely different in the case of anionic dye RB.

Hydrothermal synthesis of α-FeOOH (1D) nanorods and their transition to α-Fe2O3 (0D): an efficient photocatalyst in neutralizing hazardous organic dyes

“…Consequently, the results showed that ˙OH > O 2 ˙ − > h˙ + . 28 Degradation-causing radicals were uncovered through research into the mechanism of the photocatalytic reaction. By exposing the photocatalyst to sunlight, holes are created in the valence band, and e − are created in the conduction band, transitioning the material from a semiconductor to an electrical conductor.…”

“…27 Rhodamine B is a cationic dye that causes hormonal imbalance and apoptosis in hypothalamic cells in acute exposure. 28 Moreover, degradation studies of brilliant green dye and rhodamine B dye were carried out using as-synthesized nanomaterials (a-FeOOH and a-Fe 2 O 3 ).…”

Photocatalytic degradation properties

“…Photocatalysis using nanoparticles (NPs) is a promising method for dye removal from water due to their exceptional and highly tunable surface properties compared to bulk materials. NPs offer a wider scope in catalytic processes thanks to their unique surface characteristics, and they have higher diffusion rates coupled with lower reinforcing capabilities, all of which collectively enhance their catalytic performance [8,9,19,20]. Like, the potential of rGO-250 as a robust photocatalyst for dye degradation, highlighting its adaptability and efficiency in well-defined circumstances that require pH, dye concentration, catalyst dosage, and recyclability into consideration.…”

Semiconductor Catalyst: Investigation for the Degradation of BB9 Azo Dye by Sonophotocatalytic Process

“…TiO 2 and ZnO nanopowder particularly recently are used as efficient, inexpensive, and nontoxic semiconductor photocatalysts for the degradation of a variety of organic pollutants. [23] Various photocatalysts in different forms such as nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanorods have been studied to enhance photocatalytic activity [24][25][26][27] since dyes cannot be effectively degraded without a suitable photocatalyst. [28][29][30] The utilization of ZnO in photocatalysis has gained significant interest compared to commonly used TiO 2 due to its catalytic activity and quantum performance.…”