“…The methods of this kind of synthesis include self assembly ( Zhang et al, 2019b ; Deng et al, 2020 ), laser pyrolysis ( Laurent et al, 2010 ; Dumitrache et al, 2019 ), condensation ( Sano et al, 2020 ), CVD ( Gutés et al, 2012 ; Tyurikova et al, 2020 ), sol-gel method ( Gonçalves, 2018 ), soft lithography ( Fu et al, 2018 ), hydrothermal methods ( Zhen et al, 2019 ; Moreira et al, 2020 ), microwave methods ( Henam et al, 2019 ), sonochemical ( Gupta and Srivastava, 2019 ; Moreira et al, 2020 ), synthesis using plant extracts ( Ogunyemi et al, 2019 ; Ranoszek-Soliwoda et al, 2019 ), and green synthesis ( Gour and Jain, 2019 ; Irshad et al, 2020 ). On the other hand, macroscopic level materials can be trimmed down to NPs by different methods, including mechanical grinding ( Sviridov et al, 2017 ; Haque et al, 2018 ), ball milling ( Li Y. et al, 2020 ), lithography ( Fu et al, 2018 ), vapor deposition ( Choi et al, 2018 ), arc-plasma deposition ( Ito et al, 2012 ; Takahashi et al, 2015 ), ion beam technique ( Heo and Gwag, 2014 ; Yang J. et al, 2018 ), severe plastic deformation ( Cui et al, 2018 ; Sarkari Khorrami et al, 2019 ), chemical etching ( Wareing et al, 2017 ; Pinna et al, 2020 ), sputtering ( Pišlová et al, 2020 ), and laser ablation ( Pandey et al, 2014 ; Abid et al, 2020 ).…”