Th2 Cytokines Are Associated with Reduced Worm Burdens in a Human Intestinal Helminth Infection

Turner, Joseph D.; Faulkner, Helen; Kamgno, Joseph; Cormont, F.; Snick, Jacques Van; Else, Kathryn J.; Grencis, Richard K.; Behnke, Jerzy M.; Boussinesq, Michel; Bradley, Janette E.

doi:10.1086/379370

Cited by 176 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Infected individuals manifested a highly polarized Th2 response with a predominance of IL-4 and IL-5. Two important recent studies have followed concerning the influence of cytokines upon infection intensity and re-infection in Cameroonian children and adults (Turner et al 2003 ;Jackson et al 2004). In contrast to data from laboratory models (Urban et al 1991 ;Richard et al 2000 ;Schopf et al 2002), no evidence for a role for Th2 cytokines in protective immunity in humans had been previously provided.…”

Section: Human Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predisposition to ascariasis: patterns, mechanisms and implications

Holland

2009

Parasitology

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Ascaris lumbricoides, the human roundworm, is a remarkably infectious and persistent parasite. It is a member of the soiltransmitted helminths or geohelminths and infects in the order of 1472 million people worldwide. Despite, its high prevalence and wide distribution it remains along with its geohelminth counterparts, a neglected disease. Ascariasis is associated with both chronic and acute morbidity, particularly in growing children, and the level of morbidity assessed as disability-adjusted life years is about 10 . 5 million. Like other macroparasite infections, the frequency distribution of A. lumbricoides is aggregated or overdispersed with most hosts harbouring few or no worms and a small proportion harbouring very heavy infections. Furthermore, after chemotherapeutic treatment, individuals demonstrate consistency in the pattern of re-infection with ascariasis, described as predisposition. These epidemiological phenomena have been identified, in a consistent manner, from a range of geographical locations in both children and adults. However, what has proved to be much more refractory to investigation has been the mechanisms that contribute to the observed epidemiological patterns. Parallel observations utilizing human subjects and appropriate animal model systems are essential to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying susceptibility/resistance to ascariasis. Furthermore, these patterns of Ascaris intensity and re-infection have broader implications with respect to helminth control and interactions with other important bystander infections.

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Section: Human Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predisposition to ascariasis: patterns, mechanisms and implications

Holland

2009

Parasitology

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“…Furthermore, IL-13 levels have been documented to be negatively associated with general susceptibility [22]. In addition a separate study recorded increased IL-13 levels in the older age classes, in which lower infection intensities were observed [24].…”

Section: The Immunological Response To Ascaris Infectionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Contrasting levels of IL-10 have been documented in endemic populations, with some studies showing no difference in expression between the infected and uninfected groups [11], while M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 8 other authors document an inverse correlation with intensity of A. lumbricoides infection [24].…”

Section: The Immunological Response To Ascaris Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been speculated by Turner et al [24] that the presence of IL-10 may be "reflective of a regulatory network that is induced to hold potentially damaging inflammatory responses in check as has been proposed by the hygiene hypothesis". An example of the inflammatory responses to Ascaris infection was marked by increased levels of C-reactive protein, ferritin and eosinophil cationic protein detected by McSharry and colleagues [13] in Nigerian children.…”

Section: The Immunological Response To Ascaris Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the underlying mechanism of resistance to Ascaris infection

Dold¹,

Holland²

2011

Microbes and Infection

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The generative mechanism(s) of predisposition to Ascaris infection are currently unknown.While many factors play a role in interindividual infection intensity, much focus has been placed on the host's immunological response to infection and the underlying genetics. The present review describes the research conducted that has examined various immunological parameters and genetic factors that may play a role in resistance to ascariasis. We also discuss the contribution that animal models have made to our understanding of resistance to the parasitic roundworm and their role in possible future work.

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“…Associations between supplementation and growth among parasite-infected children may result from the effects these micronutrients have on components of the immune response that protect against parasite infections. Zinc, for example, downregulates the T-helper type 2 response that is important in regulating the immunoglobulin E-mediated expulsion of helminths and the mucosal immunoglobulin A-mediated protection against Giardia infection onset (Langford et al, 2002;Turner et al, 2003;Houpt et al, 2004). The burden of helminth and Giardia infections among supplemented children may increase, as a result, leading to slower growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of zinc or vitamin A supplementation and specific parasite infections on Mexican infants' growth: a randomized clinical trial

et al. 2009

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Background: The efficacy of micronutrient supplementation on growth may be modified by specific gastrointestinal parasite infections Methods: We carried out a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on gastro-intestinal pathogen infections and growth among 584 infants in Mexico City. Children aged 5-15 months were assigned to receive either a vitamin A supplement every 2 months (20 000 IU of retinol for infants p; 1 year or 45 000 IU for infants 41 year), a daily supplement of 20 mg of zinc, a combined vitamin A-zinc supplement or a placebo, and were followed up for 1 year. Weight and length were measured once a month and morbidity histories were recorded twice a week for 12 months. Monthly stool samples were screened for Giardia duodenalis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba spp. Growth velocity slopes, generated from the linear regression of individual child length, and height-for-age z-scores on time were analyzed as end points in regression models, adjusting for the presence of parasite infections Results: The main effect of vitamin A supplementation was in height improvement (Po0.05), and was only found in the model evaluating infants with any parasite. There was an interaction effect of slower growth (Po0.05) found in infants infected with any parasite and supplemented with vitamin A in slower growth (Po0.05). In addition, the interaction of zinc supplementation and Giardia duodenalis or A. lumbricoides was associated with reduced growth (Po0.05). Conclusion: Gastro-intestinal parasite infections may modify the effect that zinc or vitamin A supplementation has on childhood growth.

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Th2 Cytokines Are Associated with Reduced Worm Burdens in a Human Intestinal Helminth Infection

Cited by 176 publications

References 38 publications

Predisposition to ascariasis: patterns, mechanisms and implications

Predisposition to ascariasis: patterns, mechanisms and implications

Investigating the underlying mechanism of resistance to Ascaris infection

Interaction of zinc or vitamin A supplementation and specific parasite infections on Mexican infants' growth: a randomized clinical trial

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