Thaxtomin A: evidence for a plant cell wall target

Fry, B. A.; Loria, Rosemary

doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0371

Cited by 98 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As observed previously (King et al, 2001;Fry and Loria, 2002), the symptoms caused by thaxtomin in plants are similar to those caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors such as dichlobenil and isoxaben. To determine whether thaxtomin has an effect on cell wall synthesis and, in particular, cellulose synthesis, we measured the incorporation of 14 C-glucose into the nitric/ acetic acid-soluble and -insoluble cell wall fractions of etiolated, actively growing 4-day-old wild-type seedlings in the absence and presence of thaxtomin.…”

Section: Thaxtomin Is a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitorsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…However, it has been noted (King et al, 2001) that the symptoms are similar to those caused by known cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors such as dichlobenil and isoxaben (Delmer and Amor, 1995;Scheible et al, 2001). Onion root tip cells treated with thaxtomin A concentrations at or below levels that inhibit onion root growth were binucleate or had abnormal cell plates (Fry and Loria, 2002). Thaxtomin A also inhibited normal cell elongation of tobacco protoplasts in a manner that suggested an effect on primary cell wall development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Arabidopsis Mutant Resistant to Thaxtomin A, a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor fromStreptomycesSpecies[W]

et al. 2003

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Thaxtomin A is a phytotoxin produced by Streptomyces scabies and other Streptomyces species, the causative agents of common scab disease in potato and other taproot crops. At nanomolar concentrations, thaxtomin causes dramatic cell swelling, reduced seedling growth, and inhibition of cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. We identified a mutant of Arabidopsis, designated txr1 , that exhibits increased resistance to thaxtomin as a result of a decrease in the rate of toxin uptake. The TXR1 gene was identified by map-based cloning and found to encode a novel, small protein with no apparent motifs or organelle-targeting signals. The protein, which has homologs in all fully sequenced eukaryotic genomes, is expressed in all tissues and during all developmental stages analyzed. Microarray transcript profiling of some 14,300 genes revealed two stomatin-like genes that were expressed differentially in the txr1 mutant and the wild type. We propose that TXR1 is a regulator of a transport mechanism.

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Section: Thaxtomin Is a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitorsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Arabidopsis Mutant Resistant to Thaxtomin A, a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor fromStreptomycesSpecies[W]

et al. 2003

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“…The biosynthesis of thaxtomin A occurs through a highly specialized nitration event involving a bacterial nitric oxide synthase, encoded by nos , as well as a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase and associated modifying enzymes, encoded by txtABC (Healy et al ., 2000;Kers et al ., 2004). Thaxtomin has a novel mechanism of action: it inhibits cellulose biosynthesis and thus is able to induce plant cell hypertrophy in expanding plant tissues (Fry and Loria, 2002;Scheible et al ., 2003). It is likely that, by compromising the integrity of the cell wall, thaxtominproducing pathogens facilitate their intracellular penetration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A large, mobile pathogenicity island confers plant pathogenicity on Streptomyces species

Kers

Cameron

Joshi

et al. 2005

Molecular Microbiology

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SummaryPotato scab is a globally important disease caused by polyphyletic plant pathogenic Streptomyces species. Streptomyces acidiscabies , Streptomyces scabies and Streptomyces turgidiscabies possess a conserved biosynthetic pathway for the nitrated dipeptide phytotoxin thaxtomin. These pathogens also possess the nec1 gene which encodes a necrogenic protein that is an independent virulence factor. In this article we describe a large (325-660 kb) pathogenicity island (PAI) conserved among these three plant pathogenic Streptomyces species. A partial DNA sequence of this PAI revealed the thaxtomin biosynthetic pathway, nec1 , a putative tomatinase gene, and many mobile genetic elements. In addition, the PAI from S. turgidiscabies contains a plant fasciation ( fas ) operon homologous to and colinear with the fas operon in the plant pathogen Rhodococcus fascians . The PAI was mobilized during mating from S. turgidiscabies to the nonpathogens Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces diastatochromogenes on a 660 kb DNA element and integrated site-specifically into a putative integral membrane lipid kinase. Acquisition of the PAI conferred a pathogenic phenotype on S. diastatochromogenes but not on S. coelicolor . This PAI is the first to be described in a Gram-positive plant pathogenic bacterium and is responsible for the emergence of new plant pathogenic Streptomyces species in agricultural systems.

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“…Only a few studies have explored the functional role of bacterial NOSs. NOSs from certain Streptomyces strains are involved in the nitration of a tryptophanyl moiety of thaxtomin, a dipeptide phytotoxin which interferes with plant cell wall synthesis (11,16,17). In contrast, NOS-derived NO appears to protect against oxidative damage in bacilli and staphylococci (18,19).…”

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Endogenous nitric oxide regulates the recovery of the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans from exposure to UV light

Patel

Moreau

Widom

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Deinococcus radiodurans (Dr) withstands desiccation, reactive oxygen species, and doses of radiation that would be lethal to most organisms. Deletion of a gene encoding a homolog of mammalian nitric oxide synthase (NOS) severely compromises the recovery of Dr from ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage. The ⌬nos defect can be complemented with recombinant NOS, rescued by exogenous nitric oxide (NO) and mimicked in the wild-type strain with an NO scavenging compound. UV radiation induces both upregulation of the nos gene and cellular NO production on similar time scales. Growth recovery does not depend on NO being present during UV irradiation, but rather can be manifested by NO addition hours after exposure. Surprisingly, nos deletion does not increase sensitivity to oxidative damage, and hydrogen peroxide does not induce nos expression. However, NOS-derived NO upregulates transcription of obgE, a gene involved in bacterial growth proliferation and stress response. Overexpression of the ObgE GTPase in the ⌬nos background substantially alleviates the growth defect after radiation damage. Thus, NO acts as a signal for the transcriptional regulation of growth in D. radiodurans.D. radiodurans ͉ nitric oxide synthase ͉ UV radiation

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Thaxtomin A: evidence for a plant cell wall target

Cited by 98 publications

References 18 publications

An Arabidopsis Mutant Resistant to Thaxtomin A, a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor fromStreptomycesSpecies[W]

An Arabidopsis Mutant Resistant to Thaxtomin A, a Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor fromStreptomycesSpecies[W]

A large, mobile pathogenicity island confers plant pathogenicity on Streptomyces species

Endogenous nitric oxide regulates the recovery of the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans from exposure to UV light

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