The 2022 human monkeypox outbreak: Clinical review and management guidance

Aldhaeefi, Mohammed; Rungkitwattanakul, Dhakrit; Unonu, Jacqueise; Franklin, Careen-Joan; Lyons, Jessica A.; Hager, Katherine; Daftary, Monika N.

doi:10.1093/ajhp/zxac300

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Monkeypox is a reemerging zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) [ 5 ]. MPXV is a double-stranded DNA virus of the genus Orthopoxvirus of the family Poxviridae known for more than half a century [ 6 ] but geographically endemic to Central and West Africa [ 7 , 8 ]. MPXV has two distinct clades: the Central Basin clade and the West African clade [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Monkeypox Virus according to The Collection Site of Samples from Confirmed Cases: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Due to the rapid evolution of the monkeypox virus, the means by which the monkeypox virus is spread is subject to change. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the detection of the monkeypox virus according to the collection site of samples from confirmed monkeypox cases. A systematic literature review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases until 5 October 2022. A total of 1022 articles were retrieved using the search strategy. After removing duplicates (n = 566) and examining by title, abstract, and full text, 65 studies reporting monkeypox case reports were included with a detailed description of risk factors, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), site of monkeypox virus-positive specimens, location of skin lesions, and diagnostic test. A total of 4537 confirmed monkeypox cases have been reported, of which 98.72% of the cases were male with a mean age of 36 years, 95.72% had a sexual behavior of being men who have sex with men, and 28.1% had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most frequent locations of lesions in patients diagnosed with monkeypox were: 42.85% on the genitalia and 37.1% in the perianal region. All confirmed monkeypox cases were diagnosed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the most frequent locations of samples collected for diagnosis that tested positive for monkeypox virus were: 91.85% from skin lesions, 20.81% from the oropharynx, 3.19% from blood, and 2.43% from seminal fluid. The disease course of the cases with monkeypox was asynchronous, with no severe complications, and most patients did not report specific treatment but simply followed a symptomatic treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Monkeypox Virus according to The Collection Site of Samples from Confirmed Cases: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…These pathologies have all been reported to be deadly in humans. The estimated CFR for monkeypox ranged from 0 to 11% during the 2022 outbreak [80]; meanwhile, that of Rift Valley fever during an outbreak in Mauritania in 2022 was reported to be as high as 49% [81]. As for Ebola virus disease, the CFR has been reported to range from 20% to 90%, depending on the species [82].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ateudjieu,

Siewe Fodjo,

Ambomatei

et al. 2023

Zoonotic Diseases

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Frequent animal–human interactions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) pose an increased risk for the transmission of zoonotic diseases. While there are sporadic reports of zoonotic diseases outbreaks in SSA, a synthetic overview is necessary to better understand how the sub-region is impacted by these pathologies. We conducted a systematic review of zoonotic diseases studies conducted in SSA between 2000 and 2022. Quantitative reports including case reports/series from countries spanning West, Central, East, and Southern SSA and that provided empirical data on the occurrence of zoonotic diseases in humans with documented evidence of animal origin were eligible for inclusion. The 55 eligible articles provided 82 reports of zoonotic diseases for a total of 28,934 human cases (pooled attack rate: 54.4 per 1000) and 1182 deaths (pooled fatality rate: 345.4 per 1000). Only 31 (37.8%) of the studies were conducted during ongoing outbreaks. We identified the zoonotic diseases in SSA with the highest attack rates (rickettsiosis, toxoplasmosis, Q-fever) and CFR (Marburg, Ebola, leptospirosis), which should be prioritized for surveillance and response preparedness. Addressing the threat of zoonotic diseases in SSA requires the strengthening of health systems and implementation of a one health approach. Importantly, research should be encouraged during ongoing epidemics to fortify immediate response strategies and work toward preventing future outbreaks.

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“…Nucleic acid amplification tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are the laboratory tests of choice for confirming the diagnosis, given their specificity and sensitivity. Virus isolation from nasopharynx and oropharynx secretions allows for diagnosis confirmation [ 61 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Clinical Features and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Monkeypox: A New Challenge for Global Health System?

Spirito

Guida

Caponio

et al. 2023

Life

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The COVID-19 pandemic, starting in 2020, has presented a major challenge in terms of early diagnosis and the subsequent containment and management of severe cases. The spread of viruses such as monkeypox in non-endemic countries is now creating new difficulties for healthcare professionals. Proper case definition and clinical examination are crucial for the early identification of suspected cases. For this reason, we performed a review of the literature in order to report the first signs, which are useful for healthcare providers for early case identification. Since 2022 to date, 86,930 laboratory-confirmed cases and 1051 probable cases have been reported worldwide, and of these, 116 were fatal cases and, for the first time, most of the cases were registered in countries that have not historically reported monkeypox and that lack direct or immediate epidemiological links to areas of West or Central Africa where the disease is endemic. Patients with Monkeypox experience prodromal symptoms, such as fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and a rash after an incubation period of 5–21 days. The disease is usually self-limiting within 2–4 weeks but can lead to complications, such as pneumonia, encephalitis, kidney injury, and myocarditis in children, pregnant individuals, and those with weakened immune systems. The case–fatality ratio is between 1 and 10%. Today, prevention campaigns and the control of human monkeypox are the best weapons to prevent infection and stop transmission. Prevention strategies, such as avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, and the proper preparation of all foods containing animal meat or parts, should be adopted. Furthermore, close contact with infected people or contaminated materials should be avoided to prevent human-to-human transmission.

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The 2022 human monkeypox outbreak: Clinical review and management guidance

Cited by 11 publications

References 33 publications

Detection of Monkeypox Virus according to The Collection Site of Samples from Confirmed Cases: A Systematic Review

Detection of Monkeypox Virus according to The Collection Site of Samples from Confirmed Cases: A Systematic Review

Zoonotic Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Monkeypox: A New Challenge for Global Health System?

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