The 24-Hour Scale: A Time Dimension of Adaptive Functional Organization

Halberg, Franz

doi:10.1353/pbm.1960.0026

Cited by 98 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Chronobiological studies often encompass the analysis of circadian rhythms (circadian from the Latin circa , or “about,” and dies , or “day”), a term introduced to the scientific community by Franz Halberg (). This type of chronobiological rhythm refers specifically to rhythms with a period of approximately 24 hr, and follows the rotation of the Earth around its axis.…”

Section: Chronobiology Circadian Rhythms and Their Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Circadian control of pain and neuroinflammation

Segal

Tresidder

Bhatt

et al. 2017

J of Neuroscience Research

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The importance of a neuroinflammatory response to the development and maintenance of inflammatory and neuropathic pain have been highlighted in recent years. Inflammatory cells contributing to this response include circulating immune cells such as monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, and neutrophils, as well as microglia in the central nervous system. Pain signals are transmitted via sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system, which express various receptors and channels that respond to mediators secreted from these inflammatory cells. Chronobiological rhythms, which include the 24-hr circadian cycle, have recently been shown to regulate both nervous and immune cell activity and function. This review examines the current literature on chronobiological control of neuroinflammatory processes, with a focus on inflammatory and neuropathic pain states. While the majority of this work has stemmed from observational studies in humans, recent advances in using animal models have highlighted distinct mechanisms underlying these interactions. Better understanding interactions between the circadian and neuroimmune systems can help guide the development of new treatments and provide improved care for patients suffering from acute and chronic pain.

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Section: Chronobiology Circadian Rhythms and Their Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chronobiological studies often encompass the analysis of circadian rhythms (circadian from the Latin circa, or "about," and dies, or "day"), a term introduced to the scientific community by Franz Halberg (1960).…”

Section: Hr On Obi Olog Y CI R Ca D Ia N R H Yth M S a Nd Th E mentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian control of pain and neuroinflammation

Segal

Tresidder

Bhatt

et al. 2017

J of Neuroscience Research

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“…It is almost self-evident that the spatial organization and the functioning of living forms are inextricably intertwined. Of equal importance, however, is the temporal dimension: At the physiological level, for example, not only must the "right'' amount of the "right" substance be a t the "right" place, but this must also occur at the "right" time (Halberg, 1960). This also holds true for the organism itself, which often must be positioned in time with respect to favorable biotic or physical conditions.…”

Section: Metabolic Epigenetic and Circadian Time Domainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronobiology at the cellular and molecular levels: Models and mechanisms for circadian timekeeping

Edmunds

1983

Am. J. Anat.

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This review considers cellular chronobiology and examines, at least in a superficial way, several classes of models and mechanisms that have been proposed for circadian rhythmicity and some of the experimental approaches that have appeared to be most productive. After a brief discussion of temporal organization and the metabolic, epigenetic, and circadian time domains, the general properties of circadian rhythms are enumerated. A survey of independent oscillations in isolated organs, tissues, and cells is followed by a review of selected circadian rhythms in eukaryotic microorganisms, with particular emphasis placed on the rhythm of cell division in the algal flagellate Euglena as a model system illustrating temporal differentiation. In the ensuing section, experimental approaches to circadian clock mechanisms are considered. The dissection of the clock by the use of chemical inhibitors is illustrated for the rhythm of bioluminescence in the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax and for the rhythm of photosynthetic capacity in the unicellular green alga Acetabularia. Alternatively, genetic analysis of circadian oscillators is considered in the green alga Chlamydomonas and in the bread mold Neurospora, both of which have yielded clock mutants and mutants having biochemical lesions that exhibit altered clock properties. On the basis of the evidence generated by these experimental approaches, several classes of biochemical and molecular models for circadian clocks have been proposed. These include strictly molecular models, feedback loop (network) models, transcriptional (tape-reading) models, and membrane models; some of their key elements and predictions are discussed. Finally, a number of general unsolved problems at the cellular level are briefly mentioned: cell cycle interfaces, the evolution of circadian rhythmicity, the possibility of multiple cellular oscillators, chronopharmacology and chronotherapy, and cell-cycle clocks in development and aging.

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confidence: 99%

“…Evidence has accumulated in recent years that fluctuations in activity levels along the 24-h continuum are characteristic of many organs and organ systems (Halberg, 1960;Halberg, Albrecht, & Bittner, 1959;Harner, 1961).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodicity and memory in mice

1967

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Mice given ECS after training on an inhibitory avoidance task showed greater retrograde amnesia when training and treatments were given near the crest of the daily activity rhythm as measured by rectal temperature.Evidence has accumulated in recent years that fluctuations in activity levels along the 24-h continuum are characteristic of many organs and organ systems (Halberg, 1960;Halberg, Albrecht, & Bittner, 1959;Harner, 1961).Several studies have indicated that a number of biologic variables may be related to learning and memory and to the response to amnesic agents such as electroconvulsive shock (ECS). An interaction between strain and phase of the activity cycle has been shown to influence maze learning performance in two strains of inbred mice (Hostetter, 1966). Thresholds to electroshock convulsions in rats were observed to be significantly lower at night than in the early afternoon (Woolley & Timiras, 1962). Age (Tattan, 1957) and strain (Hudspeth, McGaugh, & Thomson, 1964; OliveriO, McGaugh, & Bovet, in preparation;Thompson & Dean, 1955) have been shown to influence the degree of amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock.The preliminary experiments reported here were designed to investigate: (1) whether learning and memory in an inhibitory avoidance task in routine-standardized animals will vary with the rectal temperature rhythm, and (2) whether the amnesic effects of electroconvulsive shock following avoidance training will vary as a function of this rhythm. SubjectsSwiss Webster male mice approximately 60 days of age were used as Ss. They were housed four animals per cage with ad lib food and water. Cages were kept on open shelves in a small quiet room lighted by a fluorescent ceiling fixture from 4 a.m. to 4 p.m. and completely dark from 4 p.m. to 4 a.m. Room temperature was maintained at about 22 o C. Animals were taken from the colony room at least eight days prior to the experiments, and kept in this standardization room prior to and during the experimental period. The rectal temperature rhythm was spot checked with a Yellow Springs Telethermometer. In these animals, under these conditions, rectal temperature averaged 34.9±.69 0 C at 1 p.m. and 36.5 ± 1.7 o C at 9 p.m. ApparatusThe apparatus for inhibitory avoidance training was that described by McGaugh & Alpern (1966 GWEN STEPHENS, JAMES L. McGAUGH AND H. P. ALPERN UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINEtraining electroshock consisted of a current of apprOximately 8 rnA delivered for .8 sec by way of corneal electrodes. The animal was held in the E's hand during ECS administration. Resuscitation via the nose and mouth by means of a plastic bottle and tube was administered to all animals immediately after the shock.EXPERIMENT 1 Seventy-two animals were divided into SIX groups of 12 animals each. starting at 1 p.m. each animal of the first three groups was given three training trials in immediate succession on the inhibitory avoidance learning task. For each trial the mouse was placed on a small lighted metal platform in front of a hole leading into...

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The 24-Hour Scale: A Time Dimension of Adaptive Functional Organization

Cited by 98 publications

References 33 publications

Circadian control of pain and neuroinflammation

Circadian control of pain and neuroinflammation

Chronobiology at the cellular and molecular levels: Models and mechanisms for circadian timekeeping

Periodicity and memory in mice

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