The ability to incorporate functional plastids by the sea slug Elysia viridis is governed by its food source

Rauch, Cessa; Tielens, Aloysius G.M.; Serôdio, João; Gould, Sven B.; Christa, Gregor

doi:10.1007/s00227-018-3329-8

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Future research should thus focus on generating homogenous datasets including aposymbiotic animals in order to help understand how Sacoglossa can recognize and subsequently maintain their kleptoplasts. This task is, however, particularly complicated, because only for the StR species Elysia viridis aposymbiotic adults could be cultured so far under laboratory conditions (Rauch et al, 2018), but there is no transcriptomic dataset available for this species. Further, a comparative analysis using shelled species, that digest the chloroplast extracellularly, combined with homogenous datasets of StR and LtR species, would have the potential to allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms and the evolution of gene expression related to incorporate chloroplasts in plastid‐bearing sea slugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of scavenger receptors and thrombospondin‐type‐1 repeat proteins potentially relevant for plastid recognition in Sacoglossa

Clavijo

Frankenbach

Fidalgo

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of scavenger receptors and thrombospondin‐type‐1 repeat proteins potentially relevant for plastid recognition in Sacoglossa

Clavijo

Frankenbach

Fidalgo

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Slugs are classified based on the activity of the kleptoplasts during starvation (Händeler et al, 2009) as non-retention (NR), shortterm-retention (StR, up to 2 weeks) and long-term-retention (LtR, months). Recently, this categorization was extended to include non-incorporation (NI) (Rauch et al, 2018). Theory has it, that StR evolved at least twice independently in the Sacoglossa, followed by multiple evolutions of LtR in six different taxa .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoprotective Non-photochemical Quenching Does Not Prevent Kleptoplasts From Net Photoinactivation

et al. 2018

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The enigmatic association of photosynthetically active chloroplasts from algae and some sacoglossan sea slugs, called functional kleptoplasty, is a functional unique system of photosymbioses observed in metazoans. Besides the specific adaptations of the slugs necessary to incorporate and maintain the plastids, the organelles need to ensure optimal photosynthesis. Photoprotective mechanisms in the plastids, namely the xanthophyll cycle (XC) and the high-energy dependent quenching (q E ) part of the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and the repair of the D1 protein of Photosystem II (PSII) are considered crucial for kleptoplast longevity in the slugs. Here, we studied the sea slugs Elysia viridis fed with the naturally occurring XC and q E -deficient Bryopsis hypnoides, and E. timida fed on Acetabularia acetabulum, an alga that possesses both mechanisms. The aim of the study was to understand (i) whether q E remains active after ingestion of kleptoplasts by E. timida, (ii) how different light intensities affect the photosynthetic activity of kleptoplasts with and without photoprotection mechanisms, and (iii) if the kleptoplasts are able to repair photodamaged D1 protein. With regard to NPQ, freshly incorporated kleptoplasts responded to different light stress in the same manner as the chloroplasts in their native host algae. Even after 3 weeks of incorporation the q E part of NPQ was present in the kleptoplasts of E. timida. However, the presence of the q E component of NPQ did not prevent the kleptoplasts from significant PSII photoinactivation under high light intensities. This is probably due to the fact that the kleptoplasts have a reduced PSII repair capacity, despite plastid encoded repair mechanisms in every sacoglossan food source. Hence, photoprotective mechanisms are probably not a key factor explaining kleptoplast longevity in Sacoglossa sea slugs.

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“…This species is a facultative non-selective Ulvophyceae-feeder LtR sacoglossan sea slug found across the European Atlantic border, from Scandinavia to the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula (Jensen, 2007). E. viridis has a wide range of kleptoplasts’ retention times depending on the plastid source (Christa, Händeler, Schäberle, et al ., 2014; Rauch et al ., 2018). We share the reads and the assembled transcriptome through the NCBI BioProject accession number PRJNA549923.…”

Section: Research Notementioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome landscape of kleptoplastic sea slug Elysia viridis

Mendoza

Rocha

Troncoso

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Certain sacoglossan sea slugs can sequester and maintain photosynthetically active chloroplasts through algae feeding, a phenomenon called kleptoplasty. The period while these plastids remain active inside the slug's body is species- and environment-dependent and can span from a few days to more than three weeks. Here we report for the first time the transcriptome of sea slug Elysia viridis (Montagu, 1804), which can maintain kleptoplasts for more than two weeks and is distributed along all the Atlantic European coastline. The obtained reference transcriptome consisted of 16,977 protein-coding sequences, corresponding to 10,708 different proteins, and we neither detected any transcripts from the alga nucleus nor any gene ontology related to plastids or photosynthesis. We detected an important activity in the ROS protection mechanisms, which could be involved in the time while E. viridis maintain their kleptoplasts. Our results bring evidence more to leave the horizontal gene transfer theory and reinforce the hypothesis that controlling oxidative stress inside the cells may play a key role in plastids maintenance.

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The ability to incorporate functional plastids by the sea slug Elysia viridis is governed by its food source

Cited by 25 publications

References 75 publications

Identification of scavenger receptors and thrombospondin‐type‐1 repeat proteins potentially relevant for plastid recognition in Sacoglossa

Identification of scavenger receptors and thrombospondin‐type‐1 repeat proteins potentially relevant for plastid recognition in Sacoglossa

Photoprotective Non-photochemical Quenching Does Not Prevent Kleptoplasts From Net Photoinactivation

Transcriptome landscape of kleptoplastic sea slug Elysia viridis

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