The abnormal pulmonary venous connexion: a developmental approach

Normal and abnormal development of pulmonary veins: State of the art and correlation with clinical entities

“…A probable explanation for these divergent opinions in the past might be the absence of adequate techniques for a distinct demarcation of the sino-atrial fold in the region of the PV, making it difficult to decide whether the PV connected to a sinus venosus or LA structure. Other limitations were the lack of availability of human embryos in good condition, (resulting in some cases in incorrect interpretations [25] that were revised later on [30]) and the comparability of stages between different species. Although recent studies using novel molecular techniques have contributed new data, this discussion is still alive and seems at least partly to be based on different interpretations of similar findings.…”

Pulmonary vein and atrial wall pathology in human total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

“…Therefore, connections to the systemic circulation [3,5] have become non-functional and regress. Thereafter, a myocardial sleeve, which is continuous with the LA myocardium, is formed around the common PV.…”

“…This process results in a smooth-walled LA body consisting of vessel wall tissue on the inner side covered by myocardium on the outside [13]. In hearts with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), the common PV forms no open connection between the splanchnic plexus and the LA, thus resulting in persistence of (one of) the cardinal veins draining the pulmonary venous blood to the systemic venous circulation [3] which can be divided in a supracardiac, cardiac and infracardiac type of drainage. At presentation and especially after repair of anomalous pulmonary venous connections, increased rates of PV stenosis are reported, suggesting susceptibility of these veins to PV stenosis [14][15][16].…”

“…In human cardiac development, at the end of the fifth week, in the dorsal mesocardium the common pulmonary vein (PV) lumenizes, thus forming an open connection between the pulmonary vascular network and the LA [1][2][3][4].…”

Extended deep vein and inferior vena cava thrombosis in a 15-year-old boy: Successful lysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator 2 weeks after onset of symptoms

“…Anatomical malformations can also form a predisposing cause for thrombosis [17] as shown in the presented case. Although the thrombosis was already 2 weeks old, and most authors agree that a delayed therapy is the main reason for therapeutic failure [2,15,16,19], a fibrinolytic therapy was carried out in order to restore normal kidney function, rt-PA was used because of its potential advantages with a more "localized" effect due to its fibrin specifity [9,11,12] and it has been successfully used in children without any complications [7,8,9,15,16,22].…”