The absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of a single oral dose of O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate in hens

Abou‐Donia, Mohamed B.; Reichert, Barbara; Ashry, Mohamed

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(83)90175-8

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The concentration of leptophos in adipose tissue after oral administration were higher in 24-month-old chickens than in 6-monthold chickens at all time periods investigated (Konno & Kinebuch 1978). When I4C-EPN was given orally in adult hens (Abou-Donia et al 1983a) or in I-week-old chickens (Abou-Donia et al 1983b), radioactivity was more rapidly absorbed in the chicks and more rapidly eliminated in their excreta compared to the adult hens. Abou-Donia & Nomeir (1986) discussed the role of pharmacokinetics in species sensitivity to OPIDN, by reviewing several studies carried out on the pharmacokinetics of EPN, leptophos or TOCP in the chicken or the cat (which are sensitive) and in rodents (which are not sensitive), and concluded that the clearance of those chemicals in insensitive species was faster than in sensitive species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Age on Susceptibility of Chickens to Delayed Neurotoxicity Due to Triphenyl Phosphite

Katoh

Konno

Yamauchi

et al. 1990

Pharmacology & Toxicology

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Triphenyl phosphite (TPP), which is widely used in the chemical industry, is known to produce delayed neurotoxicity in some experimental animals. The effects of aging on the susceptibility to TPP, its disposition and pharmacokinetics, and its in vitro degradation by liver homogenate were studied in chickens. Chickens aged 60 days or less at administration were not affected, but 10 of 15 chickens aged 90 to 180 days developed ataxia 10 to 12 days after the intravenous injection of TPP (50 mg/kg). TPP clearance from the blood and most of the tissues examined was faster in 45-day-old chickens than in 135-day-old chickens. The biological half-life of TPP in the blood was 23.2 min. in the younger group and 30.5 min. in the older group. In the in vitro experiment, the initial TPP concentration of 1.6 x 10(-5) M fell to less than half this level within 60 min. during incubation with liver homogenates from 45-day-old chickens, whereas with homogenates from 135-day-old chickens the level remained high. These results suggested that the age-specific susceptibility to TPP was related to the differences of the tissue load, which derived in part from differing levels of metabolic activity in the liver.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Age on Susceptibility of Chickens to Delayed Neurotoxicity Due to Triphenyl Phosphite

Katoh

Konno

Yamauchi

et al. 1990

Pharmacology & Toxicology

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“…The same author's group has further compared the fate of [Ph- 14 C] EPN in hens with a single administration either orally by gavage or topically daily to skin at the bird's neck for 10 days at similar dosages. 130,131) Most of the dose (64-74%) was excreted by both administration types with the major 14 C residues present in the liver, kidney, and bile. Although the same metabolites were detected, the radioactivity in both non-conjugated and water-soluble fractions by the extraction of the excreta gradually increased as time passed after the single oral administration.…”

Section: In Vivo Metabolism 321 Route Of Administrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute toxicity and metabolism of pesticides in birds

Katagi

Fujisawa

2021

J. Pestic. Sci.

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The median lethal dose of pesticide in acute oral toxicity, used as a conservative index in avian risk assessment, varies by the species with differences of less than one order of magnitude, depending on body size, feeding habit, and metabolic enzyme activity. The profiles of pesticide metabolism in birds with characteristic conjugations are basically common to those in mammals, but less information is available on their relevant enzymes. The higher toxicity of some pesticides in birds than in mammals is due to the lower activity of avian metabolic enzymes. The bioaccumulation in birds is limited for very hydrophobic pesticides resistant to metabolic degradation. Several in silico approaches using the descriptors of a pesticide molecule have recently been employed to estimate the profiles of acute oral toxicity and bioaccumulation.

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Organophosphorus Compounds

Storm¹

2001

Patty's Toxicology

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Organophosphate pesticides are a highly diverse group of chemicals to which workers may be exposed during manufacture and formulation and during or after application for their intended uses. They are all characterized by their ability to inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that deactivates the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Compounds in this class are numerous and have been categorized in many ways according to the nature of the substituents. Gallo and Lawryk, for example, categorized them into four main categories (Groups I‐IV) based on the characteristics of the leaving group (X). Group I compounds, phosphorylcholines, have a leaving group that contains a quaternary nitrogen and are among the most potent organophosphates (e.g., Shradan). Group II compounds, fluorophosphates, have a fluoride leaving group and are also generally highly toxic (e.g., diisopropyl fluorophosphate). Group III compounds have leaving groups that contain cyanide or a halogen other than fluoride and are generally less potent than Groups I or II (e.g., Parathion). Group IV contains most of the organophosphates used as insecticides today. These compounds have alkoxy, alkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio or heterocyclic leaving groups and a wide variety of other substituents. Another classification scheme is based on the nature of the atoms that immediately surround the central phosphorus atom and results in 14 different categories. According to this scheme, phosphates are the prototype for the entire class and are those compounds where all four atoms that surround the phosphorus atom are oxygen (e.g., dichlorvos, mevinphos). Sulfur‐containing organophosphate compounds (phosphorothioates; phosphorothiolates; phosphorodithioates; phosphorodithiolates) are far more numerous than phosphates and include well recognized organophosphate insecticides such as parathion, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, etc. Other groups contain nitrogen (phosphoramides and phosphorodiamides), nitrogen and sulfur (phosphoramidothionates and phosphoramidothiolates), carbon (phosphonates and phosphinates), or carbon and sulfur (phosphonothionates, phosphonothionothiolates and phosphinothionates). All aspects of organophosphate chemistry, toxicity, analysis, and exposure potential have been previously reviewed. Additionally information regarding the toxicity of this class of compounds has expanded greatly in recent years as a result of toxicity data supplied by registrants to the U.S. EPA's Office of Pesticides to support reregistration. These data are being made publically available by the U.S. EPA on their internet web site. The following discussion draws heavily from recent reviews but also includes summaries of relevant toxicity data submitted to the U.S. EPA available when this chapter was completed. Due to space limitations detailed data reviews are included here for only 30 organophosphate pesticides. Information on other pesticides registered or undergoing reregistration in the United States can be readily obtained from the previously mentioned website.

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The absorption, distribution, excretion, and metabolism of a single oral dose of O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate in hens

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Effects of Age on Susceptibility of Chickens to Delayed Neurotoxicity Due to Triphenyl Phosphite

Effects of Age on Susceptibility of Chickens to Delayed Neurotoxicity Due to Triphenyl Phosphite

Acute toxicity and metabolism of pesticides in birds

Organophosphorus Compounds

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