The acute oral toxicity test of ethanol extract of salt-processed Psoraleae Fructus and its acute hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity risk assessment

PI3K/Akt/FoxO Pathway Mediates Antagonistic Toxicity in HepG2 Cells Coexposed to Deoxynivalenol and Enniatins

“…Mitochondria are abundant in hepatocytes . Drugs can directly or indirectly destroy the structure or function of mitochondria, resulting in accumulation of ROS, imbalance of Ca 2+ homeostasis, disappearance of MMP, and changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability, which ultimately leads to severe hepatotoxic effects . The decline in the MMP is a hallmark event in the early stages of apoptosis.…”

“…42 ATP plays an important role as an essential source of energy in various biological processes within 44 Drugs can directly or indirectly destroy the structure or function of mitochondria, resulting in accumulation of ROS, imbalance of Ca 2+ homeostasis, disappearance of MMP, and changes in mitochondrial membrane permeability, which ultimately leads to severe hepatotoxic effects. 45 The decline in the MMP is a hallmark event in the early stages of apoptosis. After imaging with laser confocal microscopy, the MMP of HepG2 cells was characterized using the fluorescence intensity ratio of JC-1 monomers and aggregates.…”

Size- and Dose-Dependent Body-Wide Organ Transcriptomic Responses to Calcium Phosphate Nanomaterials

“…High levels of serum ALT and AST values were considered to be highly sensitive and fairly specific biomarkers of hepatotoxicity . The increased level of BUN and CREA values were considered as evidence of impaired kidney function . Results showed that the levels of blood biochemical biomarker values increased in a dose-dependent manner.…”

“…16 The increased level of BUN and CREA values were considered as evidence of impaired kidney function. 17 Results showed that the levels of blood biochemical biomarker values increased in a dose-dependent manner. Three of the four indicators were upregulated in mice administrated with 1× ACP, in which AST increased significantly (p < 0.05), indicating nanoclusters in high concentration could cause significant damage to liver and kidney.…”