The Adrenal Cortisol Response to Increasing Ambient Temperature in Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus)

Leishman, Emily M.; Franke, Maria; Marvin, J; McCart, Dylan; Bradford, Carol R.; Gyimesi, Zoltan S.; Nichols, Anne F.; Lessard, Marie-Pierre; Page, David L.; Breiter, C-Jae; Graham, Laura H.

doi:10.3390/ani12060672

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Neither temperature nor day of the week was significantly associated with the polar bear's fecal glucocorticoid levels. The lack of a significant association with temperature is interesting given a recent study showing significant increases in fecal glucocorticoids in adult polar bears when temperatures were above 20 • C [61]. In our study, approximately half of the fecal samples (73 of 143) were collected on or immediately after days with temperatures over this threshold.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Comparing Space Use and Fecal Glucocorticoid Concentrations during and after the COVID-19 Closure to Investigate Visitor Effects in Multiple Species

Edes

Liu

Baskir

et al. 2022

JZBG

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We used the COVID-19 pandemic closure at the Saint Louis Zoo to examine visitor effects on space use and glucocorticoid levels in banteng, grizzly bears, polar bears, and western lowland gorillas. The study was divided into four six-week phases: closure in spring 2020, reopening in summer 2020, fall 2020, and spring 2021 as a seasonal comparison. Space use data were collected using video, and fecal samples were assayed for glucocorticoids. Generalized linear models were used to examine differences in zone occupancy and glucocorticoids between phases. The banteng spent more time near visitors, and glucocorticoids were only temporarily elevated in two of five animals when visitors returned. The grizzly bears spent more time in their habitat than in the den, and the polar bear spent more time near viewing areas after visitors returned. Glucocorticoids did not differ significantly between the closure and reopening for any bears. The gorillas spent less time close to visitors immediately after reopening but this effect waned by fall; glucocorticoid data were not available. Overall, based on space use and glucocorticoid levels, we suggest visitor effects on the gorillas are neutral, on the grizzly bears are neutral or positive, and are positive on the banteng and polar bear.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Comparing Space Use and Fecal Glucocorticoid Concentrations during and after the COVID-19 Closure to Investigate Visitor Effects in Multiple Species

Edes

Liu

Baskir

et al. 2022

JZBG

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“…Fecal extracts were diluted (1:4 to 1:32) in Trizma assay buffer (0.02 M Trizma, 0.300 M NaCl, 0.1% BSA; pH 7.5) prior to assay. Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations were quantified using a cortisol EIA with cortisol (18-250 pg/50 µL) in the standard curve, in a similar assay procedure as described for polar bears but with a different cortisol metabolite antibody and label [16]. In brief, microtitre plates were coated with affinity-purified goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin (25 µg/plate) dissolved in coating buffer (0.015 M Na 2 CO 3 , 0.035 M NaHCO 3 ; pH 9.6), and incubated overnight at room temperature.…”

Section: Enzyme-immunoassay (Eia)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated with Reproductive Success in Captive Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis)

Graham,

Leishman,

Demers

et al. 2024

Animals

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The Vancouver Island marmot (Marmota vancouverensis) is Canada’s most endangered endemic mammal. In 1997, a conservation breeding-for-release program was established to supplement wild marmot populations. Retrospective analyses of captive breeding studbook records since 2000 indicate the age of the sire and the dam significantly impacted the odds of successfully weaning a litter. Dams and sires between 5 and 7 years of age had more than double the odds of reproductive success compared to older animals. Successful reproduction by the dam in the previous year also doubled the odds of successfully weaning a litter in subsequent years. Assessment of adrenal function via fecal glucocorticoid analyses indicated established breeding pairs had decreased stress compared to new pairs (5.74 ± 0.28 ng/g vs. 7.60 ± 0.34 ng/g; p < 0.0001). Pairs that were ultimately successful at weaning pups in a breeding season had decreased stress compared to unsuccessful pairs (6.05 ± 0.34 ng/g vs. 7.22 ± 0.28 ng/g; p = 0.0006). These endocrine results suggest social buffering via familiarity and breeding/pair bond formation may be decreasing stress in established and successful pairs, respectively. The results of this study will be used to assist in the captive breeding management of this species to optimise numbers of animals produced to supplement the wild populations.

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“… 2022 ; Howell and Sanchez 2011 ; Leishman et al. 2022 ; Lima et al. 2022 ; Pahuja and Narayan 2021 ; Roast et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mathematical representation of the reactive scope model

Wright,

Buch,

Beattie

et al. 2023

J. Math. Biol.

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Researchers have long sought to understand and predict an animal’s response to stressful stimuli. Since the introduction of the concept of homeostasis, a variety of model frameworks have been proposed to describe what is necessary for an animal to remain within this stable physiological state and the ramifications of leaving it. Romero et al. (Horm Behav 55(3):375–389, 2009) introduced the reactive scope model to provide a novel conceptual framework for the stress response that assumes an animal’s ability to tolerate a stressful stimulus may degrade over time in response to the stimulus. We provide a mathematical formulation for the reactive scope model using a system of ordinary differential equations and show that this model is capable of recreating existing experimental data. We also provide an experimental method that may be used to verify the model as well as several potential additions to the model. If future experimentation provides the necessary data to estimate the model’s parameters, the model presented here may be used to make quantitative predictions about physiological mediator levels during a stress response and predict the onset of homeostatic overload.

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The Adrenal Cortisol Response to Increasing Ambient Temperature in Polar Bears (Ursus maritimus)

Cited by 5 publications

References 60 publications

Comparing Space Use and Fecal Glucocorticoid Concentrations during and after the COVID-19 Closure to Investigate Visitor Effects in Multiple Species

Comparing Space Use and Fecal Glucocorticoid Concentrations during and after the COVID-19 Closure to Investigate Visitor Effects in Multiple Species

Factors Associated with Reproductive Success in Captive Vancouver Island Marmots (Marmota vancouverensis)

A mathematical representation of the reactive scope model

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