The Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Linum usitatissimum in Balb/c Mice

Abstract

Linum usitatissimum L is traditionally used for relief of pain and inflammation. In this study, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of this plant were evaluated. Xylene test was used for anti-inflammatory evaluation in which 48 mice were randomly designated into 6 groups of 8 each including: control, dexamethasone as positive control (15 mg/kg), and experimental groups (42, 85, 170, and 340 mg/kg, respectively). For analgesic evaluation, 192 mice were randomly designated into 4 sets of 6 groups of 8 mice, including control, morphine as positive control, morphine plus naloxone, experimental groups (200 and 500 mg/kg extract), and extract along with naloxone group, which received 500 mg/kg. The analgesic activities were evaluated at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes, respectively, in each set. Both doses showed analgesic activity, the 200 mg/kg possessed higher effects (P < .05). Naloxone reduced a section of its effect (P < .001). The 170 mg/kg dose of the extract showed anti-inflammatory activity (P < .05). The extract had phenolic, flavonoid, and flavonol compounds with antioxidant activity. Linum usitatissimum L dose dependently had analgesic activity partially like morphine and might be used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent.

Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of the capilliposide derived from Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., a traditional Chinese medicinal herb

“…Inflammation and pain are the most common and main symptoms of many diseases [45], and the current treatment is to use steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs [46,47]; however, most of these treatments have side effects [2]. Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., a Chinese herb and medicinal plant, is widely used as a remedy for colds and arthritis [33,48].…”

“…Pain and inflammation are common manifestations of many diseases and are elements of the complex response of the body to harmful stimuli [1,2]. Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage" [3][4][5].…”

“…As modulators of inflammation, prostaglandins (PGs) have a major role in the early phase of inflammation [10], with PGE2 a proinflammatory lipid mediator of inflammation [11]. Additionally, PGs are produced by the agency of COX-1 and COX-2 through the arachidonic acid pathway, which has a crucial role in pain and inflammation [2]. The greatest degree of inflammation is observed about 3 h post carrageenan injection and is attributed to PG release [12].…”

“…Common steroids and nonsteroidal drugs are used in the relief of pain and inflammation [2]. However, most of them still present a range of problems in efficacy and undesired effects that limit their usefulness.…”

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities of methanolic extract of Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev. Leaves

“…Pain and inflammation are reactions against harmful stimuli, infection, trauma, or injury in the living tissues [1]. Inflammatory mediators such as, cytokines, histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins play key roles in creating pain and inflammation [2].…”