The anatomical relationship between the mandibular first molar roots and the mandibular canal based on breed size and skull type

Abstract

The first molar is the largest tooth in the dog mandible with roots often extending to the level of the mandibular canal (MC). The anatomical relationship between the roots and MC is variable and the normal relationship between those structures in a diverse population of dogs has not been established. The lingual location of the roots relative to the MC poses a risk for iatrogenic trauma during dentoalveolar surgery, and it is unknown if certain skull conformations are predisposed to this relationship. This study aimed to identify associations between patient weight and skull type with molar tooth root location. CT scans performed for reasons unrelated to the study were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects were sorted into one of 12 groups (n=16 per group) based on skull type (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic) and weight (extra small: ≤ 6.8 kg, small: >6.8 to ≤ 13.6 kg, medium: >13.6 to ≤ 25 kg, and large >25 to ≤ 38.6 kg). The mandibular first molar roots were categorized as lingual, buccal, or dorsal relative to the MC. Lingual root location was diagnosed in 50.0% of all roots evaluated, and 64.2% of all dogs assessed had at least one root in the lingual position. The size was shown to be protective, with lingual root location being significantly less likely as size increased. The exception to this was in large brachycephalic patients, which had rates of lingual roots similar to smaller dogs. Buccal roots were rarest, diagnosed in only 9.7% of all roots, and were most common in brachycephalic patients, which had 83.8% of all buccal roots. Additional caution should be employed when removing alveolar bone during surgical extraction in dogs ≤ 13.6 kg and in large brachycephalic patients (boxers) to avoid iatrogenic trauma to the neurovascular bundle.

Analysis of the anatomic relationship of the infraorbital canal with the roots of the maxillary fourth premolar tooth in the three different skull types: Mesocephalic, brachycephalic, and dolichocephalic, using cone beam computed tomography

“…Over half (21/40) of the brachycephalic skull type population were less than 10 kg. Previously published studies have analyzed the mandibular first molar roots regarding their location relative to the mandibular canal ( 12 , 14 ). The most recent article reported that the patient's size significantly correlated with the position of the roots of the mandibular first molar being buccally, lingually, or dorsally located ( 14 ).…”

“…Previously published studies have analyzed the mandibular first molar roots regarding their location relative to the mandibular canal ( 12 , 14 ). The most recent article reported that the patient's size significantly correlated with the position of the roots of the mandibular first molar being buccally, lingually, or dorsally located ( 14 ). That study eliminated bias by defining the weight classification for extra-small, small, medium, and large breed dogs, and kept the distribution of weight equal between the different skull types.…”

Development of Real-Time Kinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (kMRI) Techniques for Studying the Kinematics of the Spine and Joints in Dogs—Preliminary Study on Cadavers

“…Breeds included 2 mongrels (1 extra-small and 1 large), 1 French Bulldog, 1 Dobermann Pinscher, 1 Pitbull, 1 Rottweiler, and 1 Weimaraner ( Table 1 ). Each breed was assigned to a size category using the mean adult weight listed by the American Kennel Club, as previously reported [ 20 ]. Breeds were classified as extra small (≤6.8 kg), small (>6.8 kg, ≤13.6 kg), medium (>13.6 kg, ≤25 kg), large (>25 kg, ≤38.6 kg), or giant (>38.6 kg).…”