The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer

Eisermann, Kurtis; Fraizer, Gail

doi:10.3390/cancers9040032

Cited by 69 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Thus, the activation mechanism through classical or nonclassical pathway has not been resolved too (Smith & Walker, ). The latest study found that the production of androgen‐induced VEGF was regulated by the AR complex which was formed by the Sp1 of the PCa cell central promoter region, rather than play a role by combining the ARE‐binding site of the distal VEGF promoter (Eisermann & Fraizer, ). The results of this study showed that AR expression in the BPH group was significantly higher than that in PCa and BPH+HP groups, which suggest that AR expression may play an important role in the early stage of PCa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential research of inflammatory and related mediators in BPH, histological prostatitis and PCa

et al. 2018

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Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male malignancies in the world. It was aimed to investigate differential expression of inflammatory and related factors in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa), histological prostatitis (HP) and explore the role of Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), (VEGF) Vascular endothelial growth factor, androgen receptor (AR) and IL-2, IL-8 and TNF-α in the occurrence and development of prostate cancer. RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression level of iNOS, VEGF, AR and IL-2, IL-8 and TNF-α in BPH, PCa and BPH+HP. Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the protein levels of various proteins in three diseases. The results showed the mRNA and protein levels of iNOS, VEGF and IL-2, IL-8 and TNF-α were significantly increased in PCa and BPH+HP groups compared with BPH group (p < .05), while the AR was significantly lower than those in PCa and BPH+HP groups (p < .05). There was no significant difference in the mRNA and protein levels of iNOS, VEGF, AR and IL-2, IL-8 and TNF-α between PCa and BPH+HP groups (p > .05). iNOS, VEGF, AR and IL-2, IL-8 and TNF-α are involved in the malignant transformation of prostate tissue and play an important role in the development and progression of Prostate cancer (PCa).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential research of inflammatory and related mediators in BPH, histological prostatitis and PCa

et al. 2018

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“…In addition to lowered oxygen, elevated androgens have also been found to play a crucial role in upregulating VEGF-A levels [262]. Mechanistically, it seems that the activated androgen receptor binds to Sp1 (a zinc-finger transcription factor that specifically interacts with GC-rich promoter regions) and the resulting complex then binds to the core promoter region of the VEGF-A gene, inducing its transcription [263].…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of VEGFs/VEGFR-1 Signaling and Its Inhibition in Modulating Tumor Invasion: Experimental Evidence in Different Metastatic Cancer Models

Ceci

Atzori

Lacal

et al. 2020

IJMS

175

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The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members, VEGF-A, placenta growth factor (PlGF), and to a lesser extent VEGF-B, play an essential role in tumor-associated angiogenesis, tissue infiltration, and metastasis formation. Although VEGF-A can activate both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 membrane receptors, PlGF and VEGF-B exclusively interact with VEGFR-1. Differently from VEGFR-2, which is involved both in physiological and pathological angiogenesis, in the adult VEGFR-1 is required only for pathological angiogenesis. Besides this role in tumor endothelium, ligand-mediated stimulation of VEGFR-1 expressed in tumor cells may directly induce cell chemotaxis and extracellular matrix invasion. Furthermore, VEGFR-1 activation in myeloid progenitors and tumor-associated macrophages favors cancer immune escape through the release of immunosuppressive cytokines. These properties have prompted a number of preclinical and clinical studies to analyze VEGFR-1 involvement in the metastatic process. The aim of the present review is to highlight the contribution of VEGFs/VEGFR-1 signaling in the progression of different tumor types and to provide an overview of the therapeutic approaches targeting VEGFR-1 currently under investigation.

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“…Among these, the use of multi-targeted RTKI and decoy receptors are considered the most promising approaches for anti-angiogenic drug discovery. Combination of antiangiogenic agents opens a new horizon for better efficacy and less toxicity of anticancer drugs [199] , [200] , [201] . On the other hand, anti-angiogenic vaccines seem to have weak potential for the development of marketed drugs due to the excessive risk of debilitating adverse effects, such as autoimmune diseases.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-angiogenic agents for the treatment of solid tumors: Potential pathways, therapy and current strategies – A review

Al‐Abd

Alamoudi

Abdel-Naim

et al. 2017

Journal of Advanced Research

161

122

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The Androgen Receptor and VEGF: Mechanisms of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer

Cited by 69 publications

References 66 publications

Differential research of inflammatory and related mediators in BPH, histological prostatitis and PCa

Differential research of inflammatory and related mediators in BPH, histological prostatitis and PCa

Role of VEGFs/VEGFR-1 Signaling and Its Inhibition in Modulating Tumor Invasion: Experimental Evidence in Different Metastatic Cancer Models

Anti-angiogenic agents for the treatment of solid tumors: Potential pathways, therapy and current strategies – A review

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