The anomalous He-4 component in the cosmic-ray spectrum at below approximately 50 MeV per nucleon during 1972-1974

Garcia‐Munoz, M.; Mason, G. M.; Simpson, J. A.

doi:10.1086/153973

Cited by 117 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…Gleeson and Axford (24) , GarciaMunoz et al (15) Vertical cut-off rigidity (10) ICRP 60 (1) and Pelliccioni (7) QARM 1.0 (25 -27) Based on MCNPX Monte Carlo transport calculation (28) Badwar et al model (9) Vertical cut-off rigidity (29) ICRP 74 (30) and Pelliccioni (7) SIEVERT 1.0 (31) Operational code using EPCARD 3.34 to create the input dose rate maps (32) ---This flight was chosen because it covers a wide range of vertical cut-off rigidities from almost 0 to about 17 GV. All results were collected by one single partner so that the participants were not aware of the other results until all were presented during a common meeting where all authors were invited.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of codes assessing galactic cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew

Bottollier-Depois¹,

Beck

Bennett

et al. 2009

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

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The assessment of the exposure to cosmic radiation onboard aircraft is one of the preoccupations of bodies responsible for radiation protection. Cosmic particle flux is significantly higher onboard aircraft than at ground level and its intensity depends on the solar activity. The dose is usually estimated using codes validated by the experimental data. In this paper, a comparison of various codes is presented, some of them are used routinely, to assess the dose received by the aircraft crew caused by the galactic cosmic radiation. Results are provided for periods close to solar maximum and minimum and for selected flights covering major commercial routes in the world. The overall agreement between the codes, particularly for those routinely used for aircraft crew dosimetry, was better than + + + + +20 % from the median in all but two cases. The agreement within the codes is considered to be fully satisfactory for radiation protection purposes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of codes assessing galactic cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew

Bottollier-Depois¹,

Beck

Bennett

et al. 2009

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

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“…Recent data from Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft traveling beyond the termination shock give a clue for the lower-ebergy range of LIS (Webber et al 2008;Bisschoff and Potgieter 2016), although the residual modulation beyond the heliopause may still affect this (Herbst et al 2012). Presently-used approximations for LIS (e.g., Garcia-Munoz et al 1975;Burger et al 2000;Higbie 2003, 2009) agree with each other for energies above 20 GeV but may contain uncertainties of up to a factor of 1.5 around 1 GeV. These uncertainties in the boundary conditions make the results of the modulation theory slightly model-dependent (see discussion in Herbst et al 2010) and require the LIS model to be explicitly cited.…”

Section: Heliospheric Modulation Of Cosmic Raysmentioning

confidence: 95%

A history of solar activity over millennia

Usoskin

2017

Living Rev Sol Phys

391

241

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Presented here is a review of present knowledge of the long-term behavior of solar activity on a multi-millennial timescale, as reconstructed using the indirect proxy method. The concept of solar activity is discussed along with an overview of the special indices used to quantify different aspects of variable solar activity, with special emphasis upon sunspot number. Over long timescales, quantitative information about past solar activity can only be obtained using a method based upon indirect proxies, such as the cosmogenic isotopes 14 C and 10 Be in natural stratified archives (e.g., tree rings or ice cores). We give an historical overview of the development of the proxy-based method for past solar-activity reconstruction over millennia, as well as a description of the modern state. Special attention is paid to the verification and cross-calibration of reconstructions. It is argued that this method of cosmogenic isotopes makes a solid basis for studies of solar variability in the past on a long timescale (centuries to millennia) during the Holocene. A separate section is devoted to reconstructions of strong solar energetic-particle (SEP) events in the past, that suggest that the present-day average SEP flux is broadly consistent with estimates on longer timescales, and that the occurrence of extra-strong events is unlikely. Finally, the main features of the long-term evolution of solar magnetic activity, including the

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“…Unfortunately, until very recently, the LIS has not been measured in situ; thus, multiple LIS models exist in the literature (e.g. Burger, Potgier, and Heber, 2000;Garcia-Munoz, Mason, and Simpson, 1975;Webber and Higbie, 2010). However, with Voyager 1 crossing the outer boundary of our solar system in 2012, the LIS of galactic protons below ≈ 500 MeV have been measured for the first time (Stone et al, 2013).…”

Section: Production Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Revised Sunspot Record in Comparison to Cosmogenic Radionuclide-Based Solar Activity Reconstructions

et al. 2016

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Recent revisions in the sunspot records illustrate the challenges related to obtaining a 400-year-long observational record of past solar-activity changes. Cosmogenic radionuclides offer the possibility of obtaining an alternative and completely independent record of solar variability. Here, we illustrate that these records offer great potential for quantitative solar-activity reconstructions far back into the past, and we provide updated radionuclide-based solar-activity reconstructions for the past 2000 years. However, cosmogenic-radionuclide records are also influenced by processes independent of solar activity, leading to the need for critical assessment and correction for the non-solar influences. Independent of these uncertainties, we show a very good agreement between the revised sunspot records and the 10 Be records from Antarctica and, in particular, the 14 C-based solar-activity reconstructions. This comparison offers the potential of identifying remaining non-solar processes in the radionuclide-based solar-activity reconstructions, but it also helps identifying remaining biases in the recently revised sunspot records.

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The anomalous He-4 component in the cosmic-ray spectrum at below approximately 50 MeV per nucleon during 1972-1974

Cited by 117 publications

References 0 publications

Comparison of codes assessing galactic cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew

Comparison of codes assessing galactic cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew

A history of solar activity over millennia

The Revised Sunspot Record in Comparison to Cosmogenic Radionuclide-Based Solar Activity Reconstructions

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