The anti-biofilm capability of nano-emodin-mediated sonodynamic therapy on multi-species biofilms produced by burn wound bacterial strains

Reducing Biofilm Infections in Burn Patients’ Wounds and Biofilms on Surfaces in Hospitals, Medical Facilities and Medical Equipment to Improve Burn Care: A Systematic Review

“…Pourhajibagher used ultrasound on nanoemodin (2.5 × 10 −4 g/L) to release oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion O* 2 ¯, hydroxyl radical *OH, and singlet oxygen 1 O 2 , which damaged bacterial cell membranes, proteins, and DNA. There was a reduction in Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Acinetobacter baumannii following sonotherapy at 1/2 MIC of N-EMO of 81.5%; at 1/16 MBIC 71.0%; and at 1/128 MBEC 57.8 with reductions in log 10 cfu/mL of 99.99%, 99.97%, and 99.48% but no effect with ultrasound alone [ 21 ].…”

“…Interventions meriting further testing on the basis of one or more outcome measures have been starred *** in Table 1 . These include Gholamrezazadeh’s study of nano-silver [ 6 ], Pourhajibagher’s study of AgSD-NLs@Cur [ 14 ], Halstead’s studies of silver (Acticoat, Mepilex) and acetic acid [ 13 , 17 ], Karaky’s study of graphene–metal combinations [ 8 ], Li’s study of CuCo 2 S 4 nanoparticles [ 15 ], Song’s study of Chlorhexidene acetate nanoemulsion (CNE) [ 18 ], Chhibber’s study of a novel hydrogel (moxifloxacin, carbomer, Chitosan, and Boswellia) [ 20 ], Pourhajibagher’s study of nano-emodin to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 21 ], Lu’s study of blue light + carvacrol [ 3 ], Wang’s study of antimicrobial blue light [ 4 ], Banar’s study of mannosidase + trypsin [ 23 ], Ghosh’s study of NCK-10, a naphthalene core compound with a decyl chain appendage [ 1 ], Han’s study of AMP-jsa9 [ 25 ], Ghosh’s study of NCK-10 [ 24 ], Konai’s study of D-LANA [ 5 ], Memariani’s study of the antimicrobial peptide PV3, which includes two snake venoms [ 26 ], Pan’s study of the polypeptides P03 and PL2 [ 27 ], and the studies of phage therapy by Ho [ 34 ] and O’Flaherty [ 36 ]. Replications in large RCTs using animal models then in c-RCTs of patients, surfaces in hospital, and medical facility and medical equipment and using uniform experimental methods would best be accomplished by a large consortium of burn researchers.…”

The promise of low-intensity ultrasound: A review on sonosensitizers and sonocatalysts by ultrasonic activation for bacterial killing

“…In addition, there are some other organic sonosensitizers such as nano-emodin [63] , chlorin e6 [64] , chrysanthemum B [62] ( table 1 ) used for ultrasonic inactivation, and they have achieved good bacterial removal effects. However, organic sonosensitizers have poor water solubility, short blood circulation time, and they are relatively unstable in the environment.…”

“… Sonosensitizers Purpose Mechanisms Ref. HMME Medical Increase in intracellular ROS [52] PPPC Medical Cell membrane damage [53] Fe@UCNP- HMME Medical Cell membrane damage [65] UCNP@SiO 2 -RB/HMME Medical Cell membrane damage [76] Pd @ Pt-T790 Medical Increase in intracellular ROS [29] Cur Food DNA damage a [61] Cur Medical DNA damage a [60] Cur Medical Downregulation in virulence genes [68] Cur Medical Cell membrane damage [67] Hypocrellin B Medical Cell membrane damage DNA damage a [62] Nano-emodin Medical Downregulation in virulence genes [63] Propyl gallate Food Lipid peroxidation [69] Amphotericin B Medical Increase in intracellular ROS [70] MLP18 Medical Cell membrane damage Increase in intracellular ROS Drug delivery [38] TiO 2 Medical Oxidative stress response [71] Non-woven TiO 2 Environment Lipid peroxidation …”

“…They found that the Curcumin-decorated nanophytosomes-mediated ultrasound could reduce the cell viability, metabolic activity, and biofilm growth in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans by downregulating the expression of rcpA, qseB, and qseC genes [68] . Meanwhile, nano-emodin-mediated ultrasound could significantly downregulate the expression levels of lasI, agrA, and abaI as the virulence genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa , S. aureus , and Acinetobacter baumannii , causing the reduction of the formation of bacterial biofilms and the viability of bacteria [63] .…”